From 8a8a602fdb834ffce9cf3e9f6021a86cdada78f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jonathan Corbet Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2017 15:43:01 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] docs: Convert the deviceio template to RST Convert deviceiobook.tmpl to RST and incorporate it into the driver API manual. Like the rest of our documentation, this one could use some work. There's no mention of ioremap() and friends, no mention of io_read*() and friends. But we have nice documentation for all those folks writing new drivers that do port I/O :). The :c:func: notation has been left off of all the read*/write* functions. There's no kerneldoc comments for them anyway, so those links will never be live, and writing a bunch of repetitive "read a byte from I/O memory" comments lacks appeal. Cc: Matthew Wilcox Cc: Alan Cox Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet --- Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl | 323 ------------------------ Documentation/driver-api/device-io.rst | 201 +++++++++++++++ Documentation/driver-api/index.rst | 1 + 3 files changed, 202 insertions(+), 323 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl create mode 100644 Documentation/driver-api/device-io.rst diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl deleted file mode 100644 index 54199a0dcf9a..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,323 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - Bus-Independent Device Accesses - - - - Matthew - Wilcox - -
- matthew@wil.cx -
- - - - - - - Alan - Cox - -
- alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk -
- - - - - - 2001 - Matthew Wilcox - - - - - This documentation is free software; you can redistribute - it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public - License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either - version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later - version. - - - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be - useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied - warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. - See the GNU General Public License for more details. - - - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public - License along with this program; if not, write to the Free - Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, - MA 02111-1307 USA - - - - For more details see the file COPYING in the source - distribution of Linux. - - - - - - - - Introduction - - Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses - and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of - bus type. - - - - - Known Bugs And Assumptions - - None. - - - - - Memory Mapped IO - - Getting Access to the Device - - The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO. - That is, a part of the CPU's address space is interpreted - not as accesses to memory, but as accesses to a device. Some - architectures define devices to be at a fixed address, but most - have some method of discovering devices. The PCI bus walk is a - good example of such a scheme. This document does not cover how - to receive such an address, but assumes you are starting with one. - Physical addresses are of type unsigned long. - - - - This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an - address suitable for passing to the accessor functions described - below, you should call ioremap. - An address suitable for accessing the device will be returned to you. - - - - After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's - exit routine), call iounmap in order to return - the address space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new - address space each time you call ioremap, and - they can run out unless you call iounmap. - - - - - Accessing the device - - The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and - writing memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides - interfaces to read and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit - quantities. Due to a historical accident, these are named byte, - word, long and quad accesses. Both read and write accesses are - supported; there is no prefetch support at this time. - - - - The functions are named readb, - readw, readl, - readq, readb_relaxed, - readw_relaxed, readl_relaxed, - readq_relaxed, writeb, - writew, writel and - writeq. - - - - Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger - transfers than 8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the - memcpy_toio, memcpy_fromio - and memset_io functions are provided. - Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they - are not guaranteed to copy data in order. - - - - The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the - compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the - ordering can be compiler optimised, you can use - __readb and friends to indicate the relaxed ordering. Use - this with care. - - - - While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect - to each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the - devices sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many - authors are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted - asynchronously. A driver author must issue a read from the same - device to ensure that writes have occurred in the specific cases the - author cares. This kind of property cannot be hidden from driver - writers in the API. In some cases, the read used to flush the device - may be expected to fail (if the card is resetting, for example). In - that case, the read should be done from config space, which is - guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't respond. - - - - The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when - the driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior - to continuing execution. - - - -static inline void -qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha) -{ - struct device_reg *reg; - - reg = ha->iobase; - /* disable risc and host interrupts */ - WRT_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl, 0); - /* - * The following read will ensure that the above write - * has been received by the device before we return from this - * function. - */ - RD_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl); - ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0; -} - - - - In addition to write posting, on some large multiprocessing systems - (e.g. SGI Challenge, Origin and Altix machines) posted writes won't - be strongly ordered coming from different CPUs. Thus it's important - to properly protect parts of your driver that do memory-mapped writes - with locks and use the mmiowb to make sure they - arrive in the order intended. Issuing a regular readX - will also ensure write ordering, but should only be used - when the driver has to be sure that the write has actually arrived - at the device (not that it's simply ordered with respect to other - writes), since a full readX is a relatively - expensive operation. - - - - Generally, one should use mmiowb prior to - releasing a spinlock that protects regions using writeb - or similar functions that aren't surrounded by - readb calls, which will ensure ordering and flushing. The - following pseudocode illustrates what might occur if write ordering - isn't guaranteed via mmiowb or one of the - readX functions. - - - -CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) -CPU A: ... -CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr); -CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) - ... -CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) -CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr); -CPU B: ... -CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) - - - - In the case above, newval2 could be written to ring_ptr before - newval. Fixing it is easy though: - - - -CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) -CPU A: ... -CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr); -CPU A: mmiowb(); /* ensure no other writes beat us to the device */ -CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) - ... -CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) -CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr); -CPU B: ... -CPU B: mmiowb(); -CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) - - - - See tg3.c for a real world example of how to use mmiowb - - - - - PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive - after any outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices - the result of a readb call may signal to the - driver that a DMA transaction is complete. In many cases, however, - the driver may want to indicate that the next - readb call has no relation to any previous DMA - writes performed by the device. The driver can use - readb_relaxed for these cases, although only - some platforms will honor the relaxed semantics. Using the relaxed - read functions will provide significant performance benefits on - platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver provides examples - of how to use readX_relaxed. In many cases, - a majority of the driver's readX calls can - safely be converted to readX_relaxed calls, since - only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion. - - - - - - - Port Space Accesses - - Port Space Explained - - - Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a - range of addresses separate to the normal memory address space. - Access to these addresses is generally not as fast as accesses - to the memory mapped addresses, and it also has a potentially - smaller address space. - - - - Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required - to access port space. - - - - - Accessing Port Space - - Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions - which allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also - known as byte, word and long. These functions are - inb, inw, - inl, outb, - outw and outl. - - - - Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices - require that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This - functionality is provided by appending a _p - to the end of the function. There are also equivalents to memcpy. - The ins and outs - functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given port. - - - - - - - Public Functions Provided -!Iarch/x86/include/asm/io.h -!Elib/pci_iomap.c - - - diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/device-io.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/device-io.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..b00b23903078 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/device-io.rst @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +.. Copyright 2001 Matthew Wilcox +.. +.. This documentation is free software; you can redistribute +.. it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public +.. License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either +.. version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later +.. version. + +=============================== +Bus-Independent Device Accesses +=============================== + +:Author: Matthew Wilcox +:Author: Alan Cox + +Introduction +============ + +Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses +and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of bus +type. + +Memory Mapped IO +================ + +Getting Access to the Device +---------------------------- + +The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO. That is, a +part of the CPU's address space is interpreted not as accesses to +memory, but as accesses to a device. Some architectures define devices +to be at a fixed address, but most have some method of discovering +devices. The PCI bus walk is a good example of such a scheme. This +document does not cover how to receive such an address, but assumes you +are starting with one. Physical addresses are of type unsigned long. + +This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an address +suitable for passing to the accessor functions described below, you +should call :c:func:`ioremap()`. An address suitable for accessing +the device will be returned to you. + +After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's exit +routine), call :c:func:`iounmap()` in order to return the address +space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new address space each +time you call :c:func:`ioremap()`, and they can run out unless you +call :c:func:`iounmap()`. + +Accessing the device +-------------------- + +The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and writing +memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides interfaces to read +and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit quantities. Due to a +historical accident, these are named byte, word, long and quad accesses. +Both read and write accesses are supported; there is no prefetch support +at this time. + +The functions are named readb(), readw(), readl(), readq(), +readb_relaxed(), readw_relaxed(), readl_relaxed(), readq_relaxed(), +writeb(), writew(), writel() and writeq(). + +Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger transfers than +8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the :c:func:`memcpy_toio()`, +:c:func:`memcpy_fromio()` and :c:func:`memset_io()` functions are +provided. Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they are not +guaranteed to copy data in order. + +The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the +compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the ordering +can be compiler optimised, you can use __readb() and friends to +indicate the relaxed ordering. Use this with care. + +While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect to +each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the devices +sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many authors +are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted asynchronously. A +driver author must issue a read from the same device to ensure that +writes have occurred in the specific cases the author cares. This kind +of property cannot be hidden from driver writers in the API. In some +cases, the read used to flush the device may be expected to fail (if the +card is resetting, for example). In that case, the read should be done +from config space, which is guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't +respond. + +The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when the +driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior to +continuing execution:: + + static inline void + qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha) + { + struct device_reg *reg; + + reg = ha->iobase; + /* disable risc and host interrupts */ + WRT_REG_WORD(®->ictrl, 0); + /* + * The following read will ensure that the above write + * has been received by the device before we return from this + * function. + */ + RD_REG_WORD(®->ictrl); + ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0; + } + +In addition to write posting, on some large multiprocessing systems +(e.g. SGI Challenge, Origin and Altix machines) posted writes won't be +strongly ordered coming from different CPUs. Thus it's important to +properly protect parts of your driver that do memory-mapped writes with +locks and use the :c:func:`mmiowb()` to make sure they arrive in the +order intended. Issuing a regular readX() will also ensure write ordering, +but should only be used when the +driver has to be sure that the write has actually arrived at the device +(not that it's simply ordered with respect to other writes), since a +full readX() is a relatively expensive operation. + +Generally, one should use :c:func:`mmiowb()` prior to releasing a spinlock +that protects regions using :c:func:`writeb()` or similar functions that +aren't surrounded by readb() calls, which will ensure ordering +and flushing. The following pseudocode illustrates what might occur if +write ordering isn't guaranteed via :c:func:`mmiowb()` or one of the +readX() functions:: + + CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) + CPU A: ... + CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr); + CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) + ... + CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) + CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr); + CPU B: ... + CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) + +In the case above, newval2 could be written to ring_ptr before newval. +Fixing it is easy though:: + + CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) + CPU A: ... + CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr); + CPU A: mmiowb(); /* ensure no other writes beat us to the device */ + CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) + ... + CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags) + CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr); + CPU B: ... + CPU B: mmiowb(); + CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags) + +See tg3.c for a real world example of how to use :c:func:`mmiowb()` + +PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive after any +outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices the result of +a readb() call may signal to the driver that a DMA transaction is +complete. In many cases, however, the driver may want to indicate that the +next readb() call has no relation to any previous DMA writes +performed by the device. The driver can use readb_relaxed() for +these cases, although only some platforms will honor the relaxed +semantics. Using the relaxed read functions will provide significant +performance benefits on platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver +provides examples of how to use readX_relaxed(). In many cases, a majority +of the driver's readX() calls can safely be converted to readX_relaxed() +calls, since only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion. + +Port Space Accesses +=================== + +Port Space Explained +-------------------- + +Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a range of +addresses separate to the normal memory address space. Access to these +addresses is generally not as fast as accesses to the memory mapped +addresses, and it also has a potentially smaller address space. + +Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required to access port +space. + +Accessing Port Space +-------------------- + +Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions which +allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also known as byte, word and +long. These functions are :c:func:`inb()`, :c:func:`inw()`, +:c:func:`inl()`, :c:func:`outb()`, :c:func:`outw()` and +:c:func:`outl()`. + +Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices require +that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This functionality is +provided by appending a ``_p`` to the end of the function. +There are also equivalents to memcpy. The :c:func:`ins()` and +:c:func:`outs()` functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given +port. + +Public Functions Provided +========================= + +.. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/include/asm/io.h + :internal: + +.. kernel-doc:: lib/pci_iomap.c + :export: diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst index a2e5db07756c..365ce64abd7c 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ available subsections can be seen below. basics infrastructure + device-io dma-buf device_link message-based -- 2.20.1