backlight: adp8860: use devm_backlight_device_register()

Use devm_backlight_device_register() to make cleanup paths simpler.

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: adp5520: use devm_backlight_device_register()

Use devm_backlight_device_register() to make cleanup paths simpler.

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: aat2870: use devm_backlight_device_register()

Use devm_backlight_device_register() to make cleanup paths simpler.

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: 88pm860x_bl: use devm_backlight_device_register()

Use devm_backlight_device_register() to make cleanup paths simpler, and
remove unnecessary remove().

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: use dev_get_platdata()

Use the wrapper function for retrieving the platform data instead of
accessing dev->platform_data directly.  This is a cosmetic change to
make the code simpler and enhance the readability.

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: lp8788: staticize 'default_bl_config'

Fix the following sparse warning:

  drivers/video/backlight/lp8788_bl.c:55:25: warning: symbol 'default_bl_config' was not declared. Should it be static?

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: lm3639: don't mix different enum types

Don't mix different enum types to fix the sparse warnings.

  drivers/video/backlight/lm3639_bl.c:80:51: warning: mixing different enum types
  drivers/video/backlight/lm3639_bl.c:80:51:     int enum lm3639_fleds  versus
  drivers/video/backlight/lm3639_bl.c:80:51:     int enum lm3639_bleds
  drivers/video/backlight/lm3639_bl.c:82:51: warning: mixing different enum types
  drivers/video/backlight/lm3639_bl.c:82:51:     int enum lm3639_fleds  versus
  drivers/video/backlight/lm3639_bl.c:82:51:     int enum lm3639_bleds

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: ld9040: Staticize local variable gamma_table

Fix the following sparse warnings:

  drivers/video/backlight/ld9040_gamma.h:172:3: warning: symbol 'gamma_table' was not declared. Should it be static?

Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: lm3630: fix sparse warning

This patch is to fix sparse warning due to mixing different enum type.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Jeong <gshark.jeong@gmail.com>
Cc: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

drivers/video/backlight/lm3630a_bl.c: potential NULL deref in probe()

We dereference "pdata" later in the function so we can't leave it as NULL.

Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

drivers/video/backlight/lm3630a_bl.c: fix signedness bug in lm3630a_chip_init()

"rval" needs to be signed for the error handling to work.

Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: lm3630: apply chip revision

The LM3630 chip was revised by TI and chip name was also changed to
LM3630A.  And register map, default values and initial sequences are
changed.  The files, lm3630_bl.{c,h} are replaced by lm3630a_bl.{c,h} You
can find more information about LM3630A(datasheet, evm etc) at
http://www.ti.com/product/lm3630a

Signed-off-by: Daniel Jeong <gshark.jeong@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backlight: lp855x_bl: support new LP8555 device

LP8555 is one of the LP855x family devices.

This device needs pre_init_device() and post_init_device() driver
structure.  It's same as LP8557, so the device configuration code is
shared with LP8557.  Backlight outputs are generated from dual DC-DC boost
converters.  It's configurable EPROM settings which are defined in the
platform data.

Driver documentation and device tree bindings are updated.

Signed-off-by: Milo Kim <milo.kim@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

MAINTAINERS: update Zwane Mwaikambo's e-mail address

Zwane Mwaikambo's @arm.linux.org.uk address no longer works.  In February
2013 he asked for his gmail address to be used instead [1] so let's just
do that.

[1] http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=136079068903214&w=2

Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <jdelvare@suse.de>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Zwane Mwaikambo <zwanem@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

MAINTAINERS: remove Richard Purdie as backlight maintainer

Remove Richard Purdie as backlight subsystem maintainer,

akpm: Richard is still responsive and is reviewing some of the patches,
but appears to agree that listing him as the maintainer is no longer
appropriate.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/USA/UK/]
Signed-off-by: Jingoo Han <jg1.han@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Richard Purdie <rpurdie@rpsys.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

printk.c: comments should refer to /proc/vmcore instead of /proc/vmcoreinfo

In one of those comments a typo was fixed, too.

Signed-off-by: Dirk Gouders <dirk@gouders.net>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

kernel/printk/printk.c: enable boot delay for earlyprintk

boot_delay does not work for earlyprintk because the kernel cmdline
parsing is late.

Change to use early_param so early kernel messages can also be delayed.

Signed-off-by: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

vsprintf: check real user/group id for %pK

Some setuid binaries will allow reading of files which have read
permission by the real user id.  This is problematic with files which
use %pK because the file access permission is checked at open() time,
but the kptr_restrict setting is checked at read() time.  If a setuid
binary opens a %pK file as an unprivileged user, and then elevates
permissions before reading the file, then kernel pointer values may be
leaked.

This happens for example with the setuid pppd application on Ubuntu 12.04:

  $ head -1 /proc/kallsyms
  00000000 T startup_32

  $ pppd file /proc/kallsyms
  pppd: In file /proc/kallsyms: unrecognized option 'c1000000'

This will only leak the pointer value from the first line, but other
setuid binaries may leak more information.

Fix this by adding a check that in addition to the current process having
CAP_SYSLOG, that effective user and group ids are equal to the real ids.
If a setuid binary reads the contents of a file which uses %pK then the
pointer values will be printed as NULL if the real user is unprivileged.

Update the sysctl documentation to reflect the changes, and also correct
the documentation to state the kptr_restrict=0 is the default.

This is a only temporary solution to the issue.  The correct solution is
to do the permission check at open() time on files, and to replace %pK
with a function which checks the open() time permission.  %pK uses in
printk should be removed since no sane permission check can be done, and
instead protected by using dmesg_restrict.

Signed-off-by: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

kernel/printk/printk.c: convert to pr_foo()

It was half-and-half.

Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

printk: report console names during cut-over

This reports the names of consoles as they're being disabled to help
identify which is which during cut-over.  Helps answer the question
"which boot console actually got activated?" once the regular console is
running, mostly when debugging boot console failures.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

init/main.c: remove prototype for softirq_init()

It's already available in <linux/interrupt.h>

Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sched: remove ARCH specific fpu_counter from task_struct

fpu_counter in task_struct was used only by sh/x86.  Both of these now
carry it in ARCH specific thread_struct, hence this can now be removed
from generic task_struct, shrinking it slightly for other arches.

Signed-off-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul Mundt <paul.mundt@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

x86: move fpu_counter into ARCH specific thread_struct

Only a couple of arches (sh/x86) use fpu_counter in task_struct so it can
be moved out into ARCH specific thread_struct, reducing the size of
task_struct for other arches.

Compile tested i386_defconfig + gcc 4.7.3

Signed-off-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul Mundt <paul.mundt@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sh: move fpu_counter into ARCH specific thread_struct

Only a couple of arches (sh/x86) use fpu_counter in task_struct so it can
be moved out into ARCH specific thread_struct, reducing the size of
task_struct for other arches.

Compile tested sh defconfig + sh4-linux-gcc (4.6.3)

Signed-off-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <paul.mundt@gmail.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

jump_label: unlikely(x) > 0

if (unlikely(x) > 0) doesn't seem to help branch prediction

Signed-off-by: Roel Kluin <roel.kluin@gmail.com>
Cc: Raghavendra K T <raghavendra.kt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

kernel/sys.c: remove obsolete #include <linux/kexec.h>

Commit 15d94b82565e ("reboot: move shutdown/reboot related functions to
kernel/reboot.c") moved all kexec-related functionality to
kernel/reboot.c, so kernel/sys.c no longer needs to include
<linux/kexec.h>.

Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

kernel/delayacct.c: remove redundant checking in __delayacct_add_tsk()

The wrapper function delayacct_add_tsk() already checked 'tsk->delays',
and __delayacct_add_tsk() has no another direct callers, so can remove the
redundancy checking code.

And the label 'done' is also useless, so remove it, too.

Signed-off-by: Chen Gang <gang.chen@asianux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

gen_init_cpio: avoid NULL pointer dereference and rework env expanding

getenv() may return NULL if given environment variable does not exist
which leads to NULL dereference when calling strncat.

Besides that, the environment variable name was copied to a temporary
env_var buffer, but this copying can be avoided by simply using the input
string.

Lastly, the whole loop can be greatly simplified by using the snprintf
function instead of the playing with strncat.

 By the way, the current implementation allows a recursive variable
 expansion, as in:

   $ echo 'out ${A} out ' | A='a ${B} a' B=b /tmp/a
   out a b a out

 I'm assuming this is just a side effect and not a conscious decision
 (especially as this may lead to infinite loop), but I didn't want to
 change this behaviour without consulting.

 If the current behaviour is deamed incorrect, I'll be happy to send
 a patch without recursive processing.

Signed-off-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Jesper Juhl <jj@codesealer.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

errno.h: remove "NFS" from descriptions in comments

glibc recently changed the error string for ESTALE to remove "NFS" -

https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=commitdiff;h=96945714ec61951cc748da2b4b8a80cf02127ee9

from: [ERR_REMAP (ESTALE)] = N_("Stale NFS file handle"),
to:   [ERR_REMAP (ESTALE)] = N_("Stale file handle"),

And some have expressed concern that the kernel's errno.h
comments still refer to NFS.

So make that change... note that this is a comment-only change,
and has no functional difference.

Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

init/do_mounts.c: add maj:min syntax comment

The name_to_dev_t function has a comment block which lists the supported
syntaxes for the device name.  Add a bullet for the <major>:<minor>
syntax, which is already supported in the code

Signed-off-by: Sebastian Capella <sebastian.capella@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

scripts/mod/modpost.c: handle non ABS crc symbols

For some reason I managed to trick gcc into create CRC symbols that are
not absolute anymore, but weak.

Make modpost handle this case.

Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

syscalls.h: use gcc alias instead of assembler aliases for syscalls

Use standard gcc __attribute__((alias(foo))) to define the syscall aliases
instead of custom assembler macros.

This is far cleaner, and also fixes my LTO kernel build.

Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

cramfs: mark as obsolete

Who needs cramfs when you have squashfs?  At least, we should warn people
that cramfs is obsolete.

Signed-off-by: Michael Opdenacker <michael.opdenacker@free-electrons.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

percpu: add test module for various percpu operations

Tests various percpu operations.

Enable with CONFIG_PERCPU_TEST=m.

Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

drivers/char/hpet.c: allow user controlled mmap for user processes

The CONFIG_HPET_MMAP Kconfig option exposes the memory map of the HPET
registers to userspace.  The Kconfig help points out that in some cases
this can be a security risk as some systems may erroneously configure the
map such that additional data is exposed to userspace.

This is a problem for distributions -- some users want the MMAP
functionality but it comes with a significant security risk.  In an effort
to mitigate this risk, and due to the low number of users of the MMAP
functionality, I've introduced a kernel parameter, hpet_mmap_enable, that
is required in order to actually have the HPET MMAP exposed.

Signed-off-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Matt Wilson <msw@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Tomas Winkler <tomas.winkler@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: numa: return the number of base pages altered by protection changes

Commit 0255d4918480 ("mm: Account for a THP NUMA hinting update as one
PTE update") was added to account for the number of PTE updates when
marking pages prot_numa.  task_numa_work was using the old return value
to track how much address space had been updated.  Altering the return
value causes the scanner to do more work than it is configured or
documented to in a single unit of work.

This patch reverts that commit and accounts for the number of THP
updates separately in vmstat.  It is up to the administrator to
interpret the pair of values correctly.  This is a straight-forward
operation and likely to only be of interest when actively debugging NUMA
balancing problems.

The impact of this patch is that the NUMA PTE scanner will scan slower
when THP is enabled and workloads may converge slower as a result.  On
the flip size system CPU usage should be lower than recent tests
reported.  This is an illustrative example of a short single JVM specjbb
test

specjbb
                       3.12.0                3.12.0
                      vanilla      acctupdates
TPut 1      26143.00 (  0.00%)     25747.00 ( -1.51%)
TPut 7     185257.00 (  0.00%)    183202.00 ( -1.11%)
TPut 13    329760.00 (  0.00%)    346577.00 (  5.10%)
TPut 19    442502.00 (  0.00%)    460146.00 (  3.99%)
TPut 25    540634.00 (  0.00%)    549053.00 (  1.56%)
TPut 31    512098.00 (  0.00%)    519611.00 (  1.47%)
TPut 37    461276.00 (  0.00%)    474973.00 (  2.97%)
TPut 43    403089.00 (  0.00%)    414172.00 (  2.75%)

              3.12.0      3.12.0
             vanillaacctupdates
User         5169.64     5184.14
System        100.45       80.02
Elapsed       252.75      251.85

Performance is similar but note the reduction in system CPU time.  While
this showed a performance gain, it will not be universal but at least
it'll be behaving as documented.  The vmstats are obviously different but
here is an obvious interpretation of them from mmtests.

                                3.12.0      3.12.0
                               vanillaacctupdates
NUMA page range updates        1408326    11043064
NUMA huge PMD updates                0       21040
NUMA PTE updates               1408326      291624

"NUMA page range updates" == nr_pte_updates and is the value returned to
the NUMA pte scanner.  NUMA huge PMD updates were the number of THP
updates which in combination can be used to calculate how many ptes were
updated from userspace.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Alex Thorlton <athorlton@sgi.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: factor commit limit calculation

The same calculation is currently done in three differents places.
Factor that code so future changes has to be made at only one place.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline vm_commit_limit()]
Signed-off-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: improve the description for dirty_background_ratio/dirty_ratio sysctl

Now dirty_background_ratio/dirty_ratio contains a percentage of total
avaiable memory, which contains free pages and reclaimable pages.  The
number of these pages is not equal to the number of total system memory.
But they are described as a percentage of total system memory in
Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt.  So we need to fix them to avoid
misunderstanding.

Signed-off-by: Zheng Liu <wenqing.lz@taobao.com>
Cc: Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/page_alloc.c: fix comment in zlc_setup()

Signed-off-by: Zhi Yong Wu <wuzhy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

arch/x86/mm/init.c: fix incorrect function name in alloc_low_pages()

Signed-off-by: Zhi Yong Wu <wuzhy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/zswap: refactor the get/put routines

The refcount routine was not fit the kernel get/put semantic exactly,
There were too many judgement statements on refcount and it could be
minus.

This patch does the following:

 - move refcount judgement to zswap_entry_put() to hide resource free function.

 - add a new function zswap_entry_find_get(), so that callers can use
   easily in the following pattern:

     zswap_entry_find_get
     .../* do something */
     zswap_entry_put

 - to eliminate compile error, move some functions declaration

This patch is based on Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> 's idea and suggestion.

Signed-off-by: Weijie Yang <weijie.yang@samsung.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/zswap: bugfix: memory leak when invalidate and reclaim occur concurrently

Consider the following scenario:

thread 0: reclaim entry x (get refcount, but not call zswap_get_swap_cache_page)
thread 1: call zswap_frontswap_invalidate_page to invalidate entry x.
finished, entry x and its zbud is not freed as its refcount != 0
now, the swap_map[x] = 0
thread 0: now call zswap_get_swap_cache_page
swapcache_prepare return -ENOENT because entry x is not used any more
zswap_get_swap_cache_page return ZSWAP_SWAPCACHE_NOMEM
zswap_writeback_entry do nothing except put refcount

Now, the memory of zswap_entry x and its zpage leak.

Modify:
 - check the refcount in fail path, free memory if it is not referenced.

 - use ZSWAP_SWAPCACHE_FAIL instead of ZSWAP_SWAPCACHE_NOMEM as the fail path
   can be not only caused by nomem but also by invalidate.

Signed-off-by: Weijie Yang <weijie.yang@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

memcg, kmem: use cache_from_memcg_idx instead of hard code

Signed-off-by: Qiang Huang <h.huangqiang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

memcg, kmem: rename cache_from_memcg to cache_from_memcg_idx

We can't see the relationship with memcg from the parameters,
so the name with memcg_idx would be more reasonable.

Signed-off-by: Qiang Huang <h.huangqiang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

memcg, kmem: use is_root_cache instead of hard code

Signed-off-by: Qiang Huang <h.huangqiang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: ensure get_unmapped_area() returns higher address than mmap_min_addr

This patch fixes the problem that get_unmapped_area() can return illegal
address and result in failing mmap(2) etc.

In case that the address higher than PAGE_SIZE is set to
/proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr, the address lower than mmap_min_addr can be
returned by get_unmapped_area(), even if you do not pass any virtual
address hint (i.e.  the second argument).

This is because the current get_unmapped_area() code does not take into
account mmap_min_addr.

This leads to two actual problems as follows:

1. mmap(2) can fail with EPERM on the process without CAP_SYS_RAWIO,
   although any illegal parameter is not passed.

2. The bottom-up search path after the top-down search might not work in
   arch_get_unmapped_area_topdown().

Note: The first and third chunk of my patch, which changes "len" check,
are for more precise check using mmap_min_addr, and not for solving the
above problem.

[How to reproduce]

--- test.c -------------------------------------------------
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/errno.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
void *ret = NULL, *last_map;
size_t pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);

do {
last_map = ret;
ret = mmap(0, pagesize, PROT_NONE,
MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
// printf("ret=%p\n", ret);
} while (ret != MAP_FAILED);

if (errno != ENOMEM) {
printf("ERR: unexpected errno: %d (last map=%p)\n",
errno, last_map);
}

return 0;
}
---------------------------------------------------------------

$ gcc -m32 -o test test.c
$ sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_min_addr=65536
vm.mmap_min_addr = 65536
$ ./test  (run as non-priviledge user)
ERR: unexpected errno: 1 (last map=0x10000)

Signed-off-by: Akira Takeuchi <takeuchi.akr@jp.panasonic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kiyoshi Owada <owada.kiyoshi@jp.panasonic.com>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: __rmqueue_fallback() should respect pageblock type

When __rmqueue_fallback() doesn't find a free block with the required size
it splits a larger page and puts the rest of the page onto the free list.

But it has one serious mistake.  When putting back, __rmqueue_fallback()
always use start_migratetype if type is not CMA.  However,
__rmqueue_fallback() is only called when all of the start_migratetype
queue is empty.  That said, __rmqueue_fallback always puts back memory to
the wrong queue except try_to_steal_freepages() changed pageblock type
(i.e.  requested size is smaller than half of page block).  The end result
is that the antifragmentation framework increases fragmenation instead of
decreasing it.

Mel's original anti fragmentation does the right thing.  But commit
47118af076f6 ("mm: mmzone: MIGRATE_CMA migration type added") broke it.

This patch restores sane and old behavior.  It also removes an incorrect
comment which was introduced by commit fef903efcf0c ("mm/page_alloc.c:
restructure free-page stealing code and fix a bug").

Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: get rid of unnecessary overhead of trace_mm_page_alloc_extfrag()

In general, every tracepoint should be zero overhead if it is disabled.
However, trace_mm_page_alloc_extfrag() is one of exception.  It evaluate
"new_type == start_migratetype" even if tracepoint is disabled.

However, the code can be moved into tracepoint's TP_fast_assign() and
TP_fast_assign exist exactly such purpose.  This patch does it.

Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: fix page_group_by_mobility_disabled breakage

Currently, set_pageblock_migratetype() screws up MIGRATE_CMA and
MIGRATE_ISOLATE if page_group_by_mobility_disabled is true.  It rewrites
the argument to MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE and we lost these attribute.

The problem was introduced by commit 49255c619fbd ("page allocator: move
check for disabled anti-fragmentation out of fastpath").  So a 4 year
old issue may mean that nobody uses page_group_by_mobility_disabled.

But anyway, this patch fixes the problem.

Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

readahead: fix sequential read cache miss detection

The kernel's readahead algorithm sometimes interprets random read
accesses as sequential and triggers unnecessary data prefecthing from
storage device (impacting random read average latency).

In order to identify sequential cache read misses, the readahead
algorithm intends to check whether offset - previous offset == 1
(trivial sequential reads) or offset - previous offset == 0 (sequential
reads not aligned on page boundary):

  if (offset - (ra->prev_pos >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT) <= 1UL)

The current offset is stored in the "offset" variable of type "pgoff_t"
(unsigned long), while previous offset is stored in "ra->prev_pos" of
type "loff_t" (long long).  Therefore, operands of the if statement are
implicitly converted to type long long.  Consequently, when previous
offset > current offset (which happens on random pattern), the if
condition is true and access is wrongly interpeted as sequential.  An
unnecessary data prefetching is triggered, impacting the average random
read latency.

Storing the previous offset value in a "pgoff_t" variable (unsigned
long) fixes the sequential read detection logic.

Signed-off-by: Damien Ramonda <damien.ramonda@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Pierre Tardy <pierre.tardy@intel.com>
Acked-by: David Cohen <david.a.cohen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: do not walk all of system memory during show_mem

It has been reported on very large machines that show_mem is taking almost
5 minutes to display information.  This is a serious problem if there is
an OOM storm.  The bulk of the cost is in show_mem doing a very expensive
PFN walk to give us the following information

  Total RAM:       Also available as totalram_pages
  Highmem pages:   Also available as totalhigh_pages
  Reserved pages:  Can be inferred from the zone structure
  Shared pages:    PFN walk required
  Unshared pages:  PFN walk required
  Quick pages:     Per-cpu walk required

Only the shared/unshared pages requires a full PFN walk but that
information is useless.  It is also inaccurate as page pins of unshared
pages would be accounted for as shared.  Even if the information was
accurate, I'm struggling to think how the shared/unshared information
could be useful for debugging OOM conditions.  Maybe it was useful before
rmap existed when reclaiming shared pages was costly but it is less
relevant today.

The PFN walk could be optimised a bit but why bother as the information is
useless.  This patch deletes the PFN walker and infers the total RAM,
highmem and reserved pages count from struct zone.  It omits the
shared/unshared page usage on the grounds that it is useless.  It also
corrects the reporting of HighMem as HighMem/MovableOnly as ZONE_MOVABLE
has similar problems to HighMem with respect to lowmem/highmem exhaustion.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/bootmem.c: remove unused local `map'

Signed-off-by: Daeseok Youn <daeseok.youn@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: clear N_CPU from node_states at CPU offline

vmstat_cpuup_callback() is a CPU notifier callback, which marks N_CPU to a
node at CPU online event.  However, it does not update this N_CPU info at
CPU offline event.

Changed vmstat_cpuup_callback() to clear N_CPU when the last CPU in the
node is put into offline, i.e.  the node no longer has any online CPU.

Signed-off-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reviewed-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: set N_CPU to node_states during boot

After a system booted, N_CPU is not set to any node as has_cpu shows an
empty line.

  # cat /sys/devices/system/node/has_cpu
  (show-empty-line)

setup_vmstat() registers its CPU notifier callback,
vmstat_cpuup_callback(), which marks N_CPU to a node when a CPU is put
into online.  However, setup_vmstat() is called after all CPUs are
launched in the boot sequence.

Changed setup_vmstat() to mark N_CPU to the nodes with online CPUs at
boot, which is consistent with other operations in
vmstat_cpuup_callback(), i.e.  start_cpu_timer() and
refresh_zone_stat_thresholds().

Also added get_online_cpus() to protect the for_each_online_cpu() loop.

Signed-off-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reviewed-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mem-hotplug: introduce movable_node boot option

The hot-Pluggable field in SRAT specifies which memory is hotpluggable.
As we mentioned before, if hotpluggable memory is used by the kernel, it
cannot be hot-removed.  So memory hotplug users may want to set all
hotpluggable memory in ZONE_MOVABLE so that the kernel won't use it.

Memory hotplug users may also set a node as movable node, which has
ZONE_MOVABLE only, so that the whole node can be hot-removed.

But the kernel cannot use memory in ZONE_MOVABLE.  By doing this, the
kernel cannot use memory in movable nodes.  This will cause NUMA
performance down.  And other users may be unhappy.

So we need a way to allow users to enable and disable this functionality.
In this patch, we introduce movable_node boot option to allow users to
choose to not to consume hotpluggable memory at early boot time and later
we can set it as ZONE_MOVABLE.

To achieve this, the movable_node boot option will control the memblock
allocation direction.  That said, after memblock is ready, before SRAT is
parsed, we should allocate memory near the kernel image as we explained in
the previous patches.  So if movable_node boot option is set, the kernel
does the following:

1. After memblock is ready, make memblock allocate memory bottom up.
2. After SRAT is parsed, make memblock behave as default, allocate memory
   top down.

Users can specify "movable_node" in kernel commandline to enable this
functionality.  For those who don't use memory hotplug or who don't want
to lose their NUMA performance, just don't specify anything.  The kernel
will work as before.

Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Suggested-by: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

x86, acpi, crash, kdump: do reserve_crashkernel() after SRAT is parsed.

Memory reserved for crashkernel could be large.  So we should not allocate
this memory bottom up from the end of kernel image.

When SRAT is parsed, we will be able to know which memory is hotpluggable,
and we can avoid allocating this memory for the kernel.  So reorder
reserve_crashkernel() after SRAT is parsed.

Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

x86/mem-hotplug: support initialize page tables in bottom-up

The Linux kernel cannot migrate pages used by the kernel.  As a result,
kernel pages cannot be hot-removed.  So we cannot allocate hotpluggable
memory for the kernel.

In a memory hotplug system, any numa node the kernel resides in should be
unhotpluggable.  And for a modern server, each node could have at least
16GB memory.  So memory around the kernel image is highly likely
unhotpluggable.

ACPI SRAT (System Resource Affinity Table) contains the memory hotplug
info.  But before SRAT is parsed, memblock has already started to allocate
memory for the kernel.  So we need to prevent memblock from doing this.

So direct memory mapping page tables setup is the case.
init_mem_mapping() is called before SRAT is parsed.  To prevent page
tables being allocated within hotpluggable memory, we will use bottom-up
direction to allocate page tables from the end of kernel image to the
higher memory.

Note:
As for allocating page tables in lower memory, TJ said:

: This is an optional behavior which is triggered by a very specific kernel
: boot param, which I suspect is gonna need to stick around to support
: memory hotplug in the current setup unless we add another layer of address
: translation to support memory hotplug.

As for page tables may occupy too much lower memory if using 4K mapping
(CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC and CONFIG_KMEMCHECK both disable using >4k
pages), TJ said:

: But as I said in the same paragraph, parsing SRAT earlier doesn't solve
: the problem in itself either.  Ignoring the option if 4k mapping is
: required and memory consumption would be prohibitive should work, no?
: Something like that would be necessary if we're gonna worry about cases
: like this no matter how we implement it, but, frankly, I'm not sure this
: is something worth worrying about.

Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

x86/mm: factor out of top-down direct mapping setup

Create a new function memory_map_top_down to factor out of the top-down
direct memory mapping pagetable setup.  This is also a preparation for the
following patch, which will introduce the bottom-up memory mapping.  That
said, we will put the two ways of pagetable setup into separate functions,
and choose to use which way in init_mem_mapping, which makes the code more
clear.

Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/memblock.c: introduce bottom-up allocation mode

The Linux kernel cannot migrate pages used by the kernel.  As a result,
kernel pages cannot be hot-removed.  So we cannot allocate hotpluggable
memory for the kernel.

ACPI SRAT (System Resource Affinity Table) contains the memory hotplug
info.  But before SRAT is parsed, memblock has already started to allocate
memory for the kernel.  So we need to prevent memblock from doing this.

In a memory hotplug system, any numa node the kernel resides in should be
unhotpluggable.  And for a modern server, each node could have at least
16GB memory.  So memory around the kernel image is highly likely
unhotpluggable.

So the basic idea is: Allocate memory from the end of the kernel image and
to the higher memory.  Since memory allocation before SRAT is parsed won't
be too much, it could highly likely be in the same node with kernel image.

The current memblock can only allocate memory top-down.  So this patch
introduces a new bottom-up allocation mode to allocate memory bottom-up.
And later when we use this allocation direction to allocate memory, we
will limit the start address above the kernel.

Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/memblock.c: factor out of top-down allocation

[Problem]

The current Linux cannot migrate pages used by the kernel because of the
kernel direct mapping.  In Linux kernel space, va = pa + PAGE_OFFSET.
When the pa is changed, we cannot simply update the pagetable and keep the
va unmodified.  So the kernel pages are not migratable.

There are also some other issues will cause the kernel pages not
migratable.  For example, the physical address may be cached somewhere and
will be used.  It is not to update all the caches.

When doing memory hotplug in Linux, we first migrate all the pages in one
memory device somewhere else, and then remove the device.  But if pages
are used by the kernel, they are not migratable.  As a result, memory used
by the kernel cannot be hot-removed.

Modifying the kernel direct mapping mechanism is too difficult to do.  And
it may cause the kernel performance down and unstable.  So we use the
following way to do memory hotplug.

[What we are doing]

In Linux, memory in one numa node is divided into several zones.  One of
the zones is ZONE_MOVABLE, which the kernel won't use.

In order to implement memory hotplug in Linux, we are going to arrange all
hotpluggable memory in ZONE_MOVABLE so that the kernel won't use these
memory.  To do this, we need ACPI's help.

In ACPI, SRAT(System Resource Affinity Table) contains NUMA info.  The
memory affinities in SRAT record every memory range in the system, and
also, flags specifying if the memory range is hotpluggable.  (Please refer
to ACPI spec 5.0 5.2.16)

With the help of SRAT, we have to do the following two things to achieve our
goal:

1. When doing memory hot-add, allow the users arranging hotpluggable as
   ZONE_MOVABLE.
   (This has been done by the MOVABLE_NODE functionality in Linux.)

2. when the system is booting, prevent bootmem allocator from allocating
   hotpluggable memory for the kernel before the memory initialization
   finishes.

The problem 2 is the key problem we are going to solve. But before solving it,
we need some preparation. Please see below.

[Preparation]

Bootloader has to load the kernel image into memory.  And this memory must
be unhotpluggable.  We cannot prevent this anyway.  So in a memory hotplug
system, we can assume any node the kernel resides in is not hotpluggable.

Before SRAT is parsed, we don't know which memory ranges are hotpluggable.
 But memblock has already started to work.  In the current kernel,
memblock allocates the following memory before SRAT is parsed:

setup_arch()
 |->memblock_x86_fill()            /* memblock is ready */
 |......
 |->early_reserve_e820_mpc_new()   /* allocate memory under 1MB */
 |->reserve_real_mode()            /* allocate memory under 1MB */
 |->init_mem_mapping()             /* allocate page tables, about 2MB to map 1GB memory */
 |->dma_contiguous_reserve()       /* specified by user, should be low */
 |->setup_log_buf()                /* specified by user, several mega bytes */
 |->relocate_initrd()              /* could be large, but will be freed after boot, should reorder */
 |->acpi_initrd_override()         /* several mega bytes */
 |->reserve_crashkernel()          /* could be large, should reorder */
 |......
 |->initmem_init()                 /* Parse SRAT */

According to Tejun's advice, before SRAT is parsed, we should try our best
to allocate memory near the kernel image.  Since the whole node the kernel
resides in won't be hotpluggable, and for a modern server, a node may have
at least 16GB memory, allocating several mega bytes memory around the
kernel image won't cross to hotpluggable memory.

[About this patchset]

So this patchset is the preparation for the problem 2 that we want to
solve.  It does the following:

1. Make memblock be able to allocate memory bottom up.
   1) Keep all the memblock APIs' prototype unmodified.
   2) When the direction is bottom up, keep the start address greater than the
      end of kernel image.

2. Improve init_mem_mapping() to support allocate page tables in
   bottom up direction.

3. Introduce "movable_node" boot option to enable and disable this
   functionality.

This patch (of 6):

Create a new function __memblock_find_range_top_down to factor out of
top-down allocation from memblock_find_in_range_node.  This is a
preparation because we will introduce a new bottom-up allocation mode in
the following patch.

Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

s390/mmap: randomize mmap base for bottom up direction

Implement mmap base randomization for the bottom up direction, so ASLR
works for both mmap layouts on s390.  See also commit df54d6fa5427 ("x86
get_unmapped_area(): use proper mmap base for bottom-up direction").

Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Radu Caragea <sinaelgl@gmail.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mmap: arch_get_unmapped_area(): use proper mmap base for bottom up direction

This is more or less the generic variant of commit 41aacc1eea64 ("x86
get_unmapped_area: Access mmap_legacy_base through mm_struct member").

So effectively architectures which use an own arch_pick_mmap_layout()
implementation but call the generic arch_get_unmapped_area() now can
also randomize their mmap_base.

All architectures which have an own arch_pick_mmap_layout() and call the
generic arch_get_unmapped_area() (arm64, s390, tile) currently set
mmap_base to TASK_UNMAPPED_BASE.  This is also true for the generic
arch_pick_mmap_layout() function.  So this change is a no-op currently.

Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Radu Caragea <sinaelgl@gmail.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/zswap: avoid unnecessary page scanning

Add SetPageReclaim() before __swap_writepage() so that page can be moved
to the tail of the inactive list, which can avoid unnecessary page
scanning as this page was reclaimed by swap subsystem before.

Signed-off-by: Weijie Yang <weijie.yang@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

writeback: do not sync data dirtied after sync start

When there are processes heavily creating small files while sync(2) is
running, it can easily happen that quite some new files are created
between WB_SYNC_NONE and WB_SYNC_ALL pass of sync(2).  That can happen
especially if there are several busy filesystems (remember that sync
traverses filesystems sequentially and waits in WB_SYNC_ALL phase on one
fs before starting it on another fs).  Because WB_SYNC_ALL pass is slow
(e.g.  causes a transaction commit and cache flush for each inode in
ext3), resulting sync(2) times are rather large.

The following script reproduces the problem:

  function run_writers
  {
    for (( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )); do
      mkdir $1/dir$i
      for (( j = 0; j < 40000; j++ )); do
        dd if=/dev/zero of=$1/dir$i/$j bs=4k count=4 &>/dev/null
      done &
    done
  }

  for dir in "$@"; do
    run_writers $dir
  done

  sleep 40
  time sync

Fix the problem by disregarding inodes dirtied after sync(2) was called
in the WB_SYNC_ALL pass.  To allow for this, sync_inodes_sb() now takes
a time stamp when sync has started which is used for setting up work for
flusher threads.

To give some numbers, when above script is run on two ext4 filesystems
on simple SATA drive, the average sync time from 10 runs is 267.549
seconds with standard deviation 104.799426.  With the patched kernel,
the average sync time from 10 runs is 2.995 seconds with standard
deviation 0.096.

Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

tools/vm/page-types.c: support KPF_SOFTDIRTY bit

Soft dirty bit allows us to track which pages are written since the last
clear_ref (by "echo 4 > /proc/pid/clear_refs".) This is useful for
userspace applications to know their memory footprints.

Note that the kernel exposes this flag via bit[55] of /proc/pid/pagemap,
and the semantics is not a default one (scheduled to be the default in the
near future.) However, it shifts to the new semantics at the first
clear_ref, and the users of soft dirty bit always do it before utilizing
the bit, so that's not a big deal.  Users must avoid relying on the bit in
page-types before the first clear_ref.

Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

/proc/pid/smaps: show VM_SOFTDIRTY flag in VmFlags line

This flag shows that the VMA is "newly created" and thus represents
"dirty" in the task's VM.

You can clear it by "echo 4 > /proc/pid/clear_refs."

Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/page_alloc.c: remove unused marco LONG_ALIGN

Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

frontswap: enable call to invalidate area on swapoff

During swapoff the frontswap_map was NULL-ified before calling
frontswap_invalidate_area().  However the frontswap_invalidate_area()
exits early if frontswap_map is NULL.  Invalidate was never called
during swapoff.

This patch moves frontswap_map_set() in swapoff just after calling
frontswap_invalidate_area() so outside of locks (swap_lock and
swap_info_struct->lock).  This shouldn't be a problem as during swapon
the frontswap_map_set() is called also outside of any locks.

Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <k.kozlowski@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/swapfile.c: fix comment typos

Signed-off-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: kmemleak: avoid false negatives on vmalloc'ed objects

Commit 248ac0e1943a ("mm/vmalloc: remove guard page from between vmap
blocks") had the side effect of making vmap_area.va_end member point to
the next vmap_area.va_start.  This was creating an artificial reference
to vmalloc'ed objects and kmemleak was rarely reporting vmalloc() leaks.

This patch marks the vmap_area containing pointers explicitly and
reduces the min ref_count to 2 as vm_struct still contains a reference
to the vmalloc'ed object.  The kmemleak add_scan_area() function has
been improved to allow a SIZE_MAX argument covering the rest of the
object (for simpler calling sites).

Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/sparsemem: fix a bug in free_map_bootmem when CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP

We pass the number of pages which hold page structs of a memory section
to free_map_bootmem().  This is right when !CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP but
wrong when CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP.  When CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP, we
should pass the number of pages of a memory section to free_map_bootmem.

So the fix is removing the nr_pages parameter.  When
CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP, we directly use the prefined marco
PAGES_PER_SECTION in free_map_bootmem.  When !CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP,
we calculate page numbers needed to hold the page structs for a memory
section and use the value in free_map_bootmem().

This was found by reading the code.  And I have no machine that support
memory hot-remove to test the bug now.

Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/sparsemem: use PAGES_PER_SECTION to remove redundant nr_pages parameter

For below functions,

- sparse_add_one_section()
- kmalloc_section_memmap()
- __kmalloc_section_memmap()
- __kfree_section_memmap()

they are always invoked to operate on one memory section, so it is
redundant to always pass a nr_pages parameter, which is the page numbers
in one section.  So we can directly use predefined macro PAGES_PER_SECTION
instead of passing the parameter.

Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

memcg: support hierarchical memory.numa_stats

The memory.numa_stat file was not hierarchical.  Memory charged to the
children was not shown in parent's numa_stat.

This change adds the "hierarchical_" stats to the existing stats.  The
new hierarchical stats include the sum of all children's values in
addition to the value of the memcg.

Tested: Create cgroup a, a/b and run workload under b.  The values of
b are included in the "hierarchical_*" under a.

$ cd /sys/fs/cgroup
$ echo 1 > memory.use_hierarchy
$ mkdir a a/b

Run workload in a/b:
$ (echo $BASHPID >> a/b/cgroup.procs && cat /some/file && bash) &

The hierarchical_ fields in parent (a) show use of workload in a/b:
$ cat a/memory.numa_stat
total=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0
file=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0
anon=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0
unevictable=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0
hierarchical_total=908 N0=552 N1=317 N2=39 N3=0
hierarchical_file=850 N0=549 N1=301 N2=0 N3=0
hierarchical_anon=58 N0=3 N1=16 N2=39 N3=0
hierarchical_unevictable=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0

$ cat a/b/memory.numa_stat
total=908 N0=552 N1=317 N2=39 N3=0
file=850 N0=549 N1=301 N2=0 N3=0
anon=58 N0=3 N1=16 N2=39 N3=0
unevictable=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0
hierarchical_total=908 N0=552 N1=317 N2=39 N3=0
hierarchical_file=850 N0=549 N1=301 N2=0 N3=0
hierarchical_anon=58 N0=3 N1=16 N2=39 N3=0
hierarchical_unevictable=0 N0=0 N1=0 N2=0 N3=0

Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

memcg: refactor mem_control_numa_stat_show()

Refactor mem_control_numa_stat_show() to use a new stats structure for
smaller and simpler code.  This consolidates nearly identical code.

    text      data      bss        dec      hex   filename
  8,137,679 1,703,496 1,896,448 11,737,623 b31a17 vmlinux.before
  8,136,911 1,703,496 1,896,448 11,736,855 b31717 vmlinux.after

Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/mempolicy: use NUMA_NO_NODE

Use more appropriate NUMA_NO_NODE instead of -1

Signed-off-by: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: thp: khugepaged: add policy for finding target node

Khugepaged will scan/free HPAGE_PMD_NR normal pages and replace with a
hugepage which is allocated from the node of the first scanned normal
page, but this policy is too rough and may end with unexpected result to
upper users.

The problem is the original page-balancing among all nodes will be
broken after hugepaged started.  Thinking about the case if the first
scanned normal page is allocated from node A, most of other scanned
normal pages are allocated from node B or C..  But hugepaged will always
allocate hugepage from node A which will cause extra memory pressure on
node A which is not the situation before khugepaged started.

This patch try to fix this problem by making khugepaged allocate
hugepage from the node which have max record of scaned normal pages hit,
so that the effect to original page-balancing can be minimized.

The other problem is if normal scanned pages are equally allocated from
Node A,B and C, after khugepaged started Node A will still suffer extra
memory pressure.

Andrew Davidoff reported a related issue several days ago.  He wanted
his application interleaving among all nodes and "numactl
--interleave=all ./test" was used to run the testcase, but the result
wasn't not as expected.

  cat /proc/2814/numa_maps:
  7f50bd440000 interleave:0-3 anon=51403 dirty=51403 N0=435 N1=435 N2=435 N3=50098

The end result showed that most pages are from Node3 instead of
interleave among node0-3 which was unreasonable.

This patch also fix this issue by allocating hugepage round robin from
all nodes have the same record, after this patch the result was as
expected:

  7f78399c0000 interleave:0-3 anon=51403 dirty=51403 N0=12723 N1=12723 N2=13235 N3=12722

The simple testcase is like this:

int main() {
char *p;
int i;
int j;

for (i=0; i < 200; i++) {
p = (char *)malloc(1048576);
printf("malloc done\n");

if (p == 0) {
printf("Out of memory\n");
return 1;
}
for (j=0; j < 1048576; j++) {
p[j] = 'A';
}
printf("touched memory\n");

sleep(1);
}
printf("enter sleep\n");
while(1) {
sleep(100);
}
}

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make last_khugepaged_target_node local to khugepaged_find_target_node()]
Reported-by: Andrew Davidoff <davidoff@qedmf.net>
Tested-by: Andrew Davidoff <davidoff@qedmf.net>
Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: thp: cleanup: mv alloc_hugepage to better place

Move alloc_hugepage() to a better place, no need for a seperate #ifndef
CONFIG_NUMA

Signed-off-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrew Davidoff <davidoff@qedmf.net>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Documentation/vm/zswap.txt: fix typos

Signed-off-by: Christian Hesse <mail@eworm.de>
Acked-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

revert mm/vmalloc.c: emit the failure message before return

Don't warn twice in __vmalloc_area_node and __vmalloc_node_range if
__vmalloc_area_node allocation failure.  This patch reverts commit
46c001a2753f ("mm/vmalloc.c: emit the failure message before return").

Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mitsuo Hayasaka <mitsuo.hayasaka.hu@hitachi.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmalloc: revert "mm/vmalloc.c: check VM_UNINITIALIZED flag in s_show instead of show_numa_info"

The VM_UNINITIALIZED/VM_UNLIST flag introduced by f5252e009d5b ("mm:
avoid null pointer access in vm_struct via /proc/vmallocinfo") is used
to avoid accessing the pages field with unallocated page when
show_numa_info() is called.

This patch moves the check just before show_numa_info in order that some
messages still can be dumped via /proc/vmallocinfo.  This patch reverts
commit d157a55815ff ("mm/vmalloc.c: check VM_UNINITIALIZED flag in
s_show instead of show_numa_info");

Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mitsuo Hayasaka <mitsuo.hayasaka.hu@hitachi.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmalloc: fix show vmap_area information race with vmap_area tear down

There is a race window between vmap_area tear down and show vmap_area
information.

A                                                B

remove_vm_area
spin_lock(&vmap_area_lock);
va->vm = NULL;
va->flags &= ~VM_VM_AREA;
spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);
spin_lock(&vmap_area_lock);
if (va->flags & (VM_LAZY_FREE | VM_LAZY_FREEZING))
return 0;
if (!(va->flags & VM_VM_AREA)) {
seq_printf(m, "0x%pK-0x%pK %7ld vm_map_ram\n",
(void *)va->va_start, (void *)va->va_end,
va->va_end - va->va_start);
return 0;
}
free_unmap_vmap_area(va);
flush_cache_vunmap
free_unmap_vmap_area_noflush
unmap_vmap_area
free_vmap_area_noflush
va->flags |= VM_LAZY_FREE

The assumption !VM_VM_AREA represents vm_map_ram allocation is
introduced by d4033afdf828 ("mm, vmalloc: iterate vmap_area_list,
instead of vmlist, in vmallocinfo()").

However, !VM_VM_AREA also represents vmap_area is being tear down in
race window mentioned above.  This patch fix it by don't dump any
information for !VM_VM_AREA case and also remove (VM_LAZY_FREE |
VM_LAZY_FREEING) check since they are not possible for !VM_VM_AREA case.

Suggested-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mitsuo Hayasaka <mitsuo.hayasaka.hu@hitachi.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmalloc: don't set area->caller twice

The caller address has already been set in set_vmalloc_vm(), there's no
need to set it again in __vmalloc_area_node.

Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mitsuo Hayasaka <mitsuo.hayasaka.hu@hitachi.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm, mempolicy: make mpol_to_str robust and always succeed

mpol_to_str() should not fail.  Currently, it either fails because the
string buffer is too small or because a string hasn't been defined for a
mempolicy mode.

If a new mempolicy mode is introduced and no string is defined for it,
just warn and return "unknown".

If the buffer is too small, just truncate the string and return, the
same behavior as snprintf().

This also fixes a bug where there was no NULL-byte termination when doing
*p++ = '=' and *p++ ':' and maxlen has been reached.

Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Chen Gang <gang.chen@asianux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/arch: use NUMA_NO_NODE

Use more appropriate NUMA_NO_NODE instead of -1 in all archs' module_alloc()

Signed-off-by: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/memory-failure.c: move set_migratetype_isolate() outside get_any_page()

Chen Gong pointed out that set/unset_migratetype_isolate() was done in
different functions in mm/memory-failure.c, which makes the code less
readable/maintainable.  So this patch does it in soft_offline_page().

With this patch, we get to hold lock_memory_hotplug() longer but it's
not a problem because races between memory hotplug and soft offline are
very rare.

Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Reviewed-by: Chen, Gong <gong.chen@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

cpu/mem hotplug: add try_online_node() for cpu_up()

cpu_up() has #ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG code blocks, which call
mem_online_node() to put its node online if offlined and then call
build_all_zonelists() to initialize the zone list.

These steps are specific to memory hotplug, and should be managed in
mm/memory_hotplug.c.  lock_memory_hotplug() should also be held for the
whole steps.

For this reason, this patch replaces mem_online_node() with
try_online_node(), which performs the whole steps with
lock_memory_hotplug() held.  try_online_node() is named after
try_offline_node() as they have similar purpose.

There is no functional change in this patch.

Signed-off-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/nobootmem.c: have __free_pages_memory() free in larger chunks.

On large memory machines it can take a few minutes to get through
free_all_bootmem().

Currently, when free_all_bootmem() calls __free_pages_memory(), the number
of contiguous pages that __free_pages_memory() passes to the buddy
allocator is limited to BITS_PER_LONG.  BITS_PER_LONG was originally
chosen to keep things similar to mm/nobootmem.c.  But it is more efficient
to limit it to MAX_ORDER.

       base   new  change
8TB    202s  172s   30s
16TB   401s  351s   50s

That is around 1%-3% improvement on total boot time.

This patch was spun off from the boot time rfc Robin and I had been
working on.

Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <robin.m.holt@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Nathan Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <robinmholt@linux.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: add a helper function to check may oom condition

Use helper function to check if we need to deal with oom condition.

Signed-off-by: Qiang Huang <h.huangqiang@huawei.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/memory_hotplug.c: use pfn_to_nid() instead of page_to_nid(pfn_to_page())

Use "pfn_to_nid(pfn)" instead of "page_to_nid(pfn_to_page(pfn))".

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/memory_hotplug.c: rename the function is_memblock_offlined_cb()

A is_memblock_offlined() return or 1 means memory block is offlined, but
is_memblock_offlined_cb() returning 1 means memory block is not offlined,
this will confuse somebody, so rename the function.

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: use populated_zone() instead of if(zone->present_pages)

Use "if (zone->present_pages)" instead of "if (zone->present_pages)".
Simplify the code, no functional change.

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: use pgdat_end_pfn() to simplify the code in others

Use "pgdat_end_pfn()" instead of "pgdat->node_start_pfn +
pgdat->node_spanned_pages".  Simplify the code, no functional change.

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: use pgdat_end_pfn() to simplify the code in arch

Use "pgdat_end_pfn()" instead of "pgdat->node_start_pfn +
pgdat->node_spanned_pages".  Simplify the code, no functional change.

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/huge_memory.c: fix stale comments of transparent_hugepage_flags

Since commit 13ece886d99c ("thp: transparent hugepage config choice"),
transparent hugepage support is disabled by default, and
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_ALWAYS is configured when TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE=y.

And since commit d39d33c332c6 ("thp: enable direct defrag"), defrag is
enable for all transparent hugepage page faults by default, not only in
MADV_HUGEPAGE regions.

Signed-off-by: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: remove obsolete comments about page table lock

The callers of free_pgd_range() and hugetlb_free_pgd_range() don't hold
page table locks.  The comments seems to be obsolete, so let's remove
them.

Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

drivers/video/acornfb.c: use __free_reserved_page() to simplify the code

Use __free_reserved_page() to simplify the code in the others.

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jean-Christophe Plagniol-Villard <plagnioj@jcrosoft.com>
Cc: Tomi Valkeinen <tomi.valkeinen@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/arch: use __free_reserved_page() to simplify the code

Use __free_reserved_page() to simplify the code in arch.

It used split_page() in consistent_alloc()/__dma_alloc_coherent()/dma_alloc_coherent(),
so page->_count == 1, and we can free it safely.

__free_reserved_page()
ClearPageReserved()
init_page_count()  // it won't change the value
__free_page()

Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/compaction.c: update comment about zone lock in isolate_freepages_block

Since commit f40d1e42bb98 ("mm: compaction: acquire the zone->lock as
late as possible"), isolate_freepages_block() takes the zone->lock
itself.  The function description however still states that the
zone->lock must be held.

This patch removes this outdated statement.

Signed-off-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm/vmalloc: use NUMA_NO_NODE

Use more appropriate "if (node == NUMA_NO_NODE)" instead of "if (node < 0)"

Signed-off-by: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

ksm: remove redundant __GFP_ZERO from kcalloc

kcalloc returns zeroed memory.  There's no need to use this flag.

Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>