From: Denys Vlasenko Date: Wed, 20 May 2015 11:02:37 +0000 (+0200) Subject: radeon: Deinline indirect register accessor functions X-Git-Url: https://git.stricted.de/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=9e5acbc21380ca8bd470ec23c139dd4e245a221d;p=GitHub%2Fmoto-9609%2Fandroid_kernel_motorola_exynos9610.git radeon: Deinline indirect register accessor functions This patch deinlines indirect register accessor functions. These functions perform two mmio accesses, framed by spin lock/unlock. Spin lock/unlock by itself takes more than 50 cycles in ideal case (if lock is exclusively cached on current CPU). With this .config: http://busybox.net/~vda/kernel_config, after uninlining these functions have sizes and callsite counts as follows: r600_uvd_ctx_rreg: 111 bytes, 4 callsites r600_uvd_ctx_wreg: 113 bytes, 5 callsites eg_pif_phy0_rreg: 106 bytes, 13 callsites eg_pif_phy0_wreg: 108 bytes, 13 callsites eg_pif_phy1_rreg: 107 bytes, 13 callsites eg_pif_phy1_wreg: 108 bytes, 13 callsites rv370_pcie_rreg: 111 bytes, 21 callsites rv370_pcie_wreg: 113 bytes, 24 callsites r600_rcu_rreg: 111 bytes, 16 callsites r600_rcu_wreg: 113 bytes, 25 callsites cik_didt_rreg: 106 bytes, 10 callsites cik_didt_wreg: 107 bytes, 10 callsites tn_smc_rreg: 106 bytes, 126 callsites tn_smc_wreg: 107 bytes, 116 callsites eg_cg_rreg: 107 bytes, 20 callsites eg_cg_wreg: 108 bytes, 52 callsites Functions r100_mm_rreg() and r100_mm_rreg() have a fast path and a locked (slow) path. This patch deinlines only slow path. r100_mm_rreg_slow: 78 bytes, 2083 callsites r100_mm_wreg_slow: 81 bytes, 3570 callsites Reduction in code size is more than 65,000 bytes: text data bss dec hex filename 85740176 22294680 20627456 128662312 7ab3b28 vmlinux.before 85674192 22294776 20627456 128598664 7aa4288 vmlinux Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko Cc: Christian König Cc: Alex Deucher Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher --- diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/cik.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/cik.c index a0c35bbc8546..d3a22f212948 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/cik.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/cik.c @@ -174,6 +174,31 @@ int cik_get_allowed_info_register(struct radeon_device *rdev, } } +/* + * Indirect registers accessor + */ +u32 cik_didt_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_INDEX, (reg)); + r = RREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void cik_didt_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_INDEX, (reg)); + WREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); +} + /* get temperature in millidegrees */ int ci_get_temp(struct radeon_device *rdev) { diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/evergreen.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/evergreen.c index 05e6d6ef5963..5397bed26b86 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/evergreen.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/evergreen.c @@ -35,6 +35,75 @@ #include "evergreen_blit_shaders.h" #include "radeon_ucode.h" +/* + * Indirect registers accessor + */ +u32 eg_cg_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_ADDR, ((reg) & 0xffff)); + r = RREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void eg_cg_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_ADDR, ((reg) & 0xffff)); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); +} + +u32 eg_pif_phy0_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); + r = RREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void eg_pif_phy0_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); +} + +u32 eg_pif_phy1_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); + r = RREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void eg_pif_phy1_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); + WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); +} + static const u32 crtc_offsets[6] = { EVERGREEN_CRTC0_REGISTER_OFFSET, diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/ni.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/ni.c index 9269e188cd92..75977d7e177e 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/ni.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/ni.c @@ -36,6 +36,31 @@ #include "radeon_ucode.h" #include "clearstate_cayman.h" +/* + * Indirect registers accessor + */ +u32 tn_smc_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(TN_SMC_IND_INDEX_0, (reg)); + r = RREG32(TN_SMC_IND_DATA_0); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void tn_smc_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(TN_SMC_IND_INDEX_0, (reg)); + WREG32(TN_SMC_IND_DATA_0, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); +} + static const u32 tn_rlc_save_restore_register_list[] = { 0x98fc, diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r100.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r100.c index 04f2514f7564..238b13f045c1 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r100.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r100.c @@ -4090,6 +4090,28 @@ int r100_init(struct radeon_device *rdev) return 0; } +uint32_t r100_mm_rreg_slow(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + uint32_t ret; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); + writel(reg, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_INDEX); + ret = readl(((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); + return ret; +} + +void r100_mm_wreg_slow(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, uint32_t v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); + writel(reg, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_INDEX); + writel(v, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); +} + u32 r100_io_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) { if (reg < rdev->rio_mem_size) diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r300.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r300.c index 08d68f3e13e9..718b12b03b57 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r300.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r300.c @@ -49,6 +49,31 @@ * tell. (Jerome Glisse) */ +/* + * Indirect registers accessor + */ +uint32_t rv370_pcie_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + uint32_t r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(RADEON_PCIE_INDEX, ((reg) & rdev->pcie_reg_mask)); + r = RREG32(RADEON_PCIE_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void rv370_pcie_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, uint32_t v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(RADEON_PCIE_INDEX, ((reg) & rdev->pcie_reg_mask)); + WREG32(RADEON_PCIE_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); +} + /* * rv370,rv380 PCIE GART */ diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r600.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r600.c index 25b4ac967742..d0ff93256bb0 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r600.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r600.c @@ -108,6 +108,53 @@ static void r600_pcie_gen2_enable(struct radeon_device *rdev); extern int evergreen_rlc_resume(struct radeon_device *rdev); extern void rv770_set_clk_bypass_mode(struct radeon_device *rdev); +/* + * Indirect registers accessor + */ +u32 r600_rcu_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(R600_RCU_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1fff)); + r = RREG32(R600_RCU_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void r600_rcu_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(R600_RCU_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1fff)); + WREG32(R600_RCU_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); +} + +u32 r600_uvd_ctx_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) +{ + unsigned long flags; + u32 r; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1ff)); + r = RREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_DATA); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); + return r; +} + +void r600_uvd_ctx_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); + WREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1ff)); + WREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_DATA, (v)); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); +} + /** * r600_get_allowed_info_register - fetch the register for the info ioctl * diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon.h index 2ffca1d920d4..4d2d0579fd49 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon.h +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon.h @@ -2474,38 +2474,24 @@ int radeon_gpu_wait_for_idle(struct radeon_device *rdev); #define RADEON_MIN_MMIO_SIZE 0x10000 +uint32_t r100_mm_rreg_slow(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg); +void r100_mm_wreg_slow(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, uint32_t v); static inline uint32_t r100_mm_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, bool always_indirect) { /* The mmio size is 64kb at minimum. Allows the if to be optimized out. */ if ((reg < rdev->rmmio_size || reg < RADEON_MIN_MMIO_SIZE) && !always_indirect) return readl(((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + reg); - else { - unsigned long flags; - uint32_t ret; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); - writel(reg, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_INDEX); - ret = readl(((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); - - return ret; - } + else + return r100_mm_rreg_slow(rdev, reg); } - static inline void r100_mm_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, uint32_t v, bool always_indirect) { if ((reg < rdev->rmmio_size || reg < RADEON_MIN_MMIO_SIZE) && !always_indirect) writel(v, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + reg); - else { - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); - writel(reg, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_INDEX); - writel(v, ((void __iomem *)rdev->rmmio) + RADEON_MM_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->mmio_idx_lock, flags); - } + else + r100_mm_wreg_slow(rdev, reg, v); } u32 r100_io_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); @@ -2596,184 +2582,29 @@ static inline struct radeon_fence *to_radeon_fence(struct fence *f) #define WDOORBELL32(index, v) cik_mm_wdoorbell(rdev, (index), (v)) /* - * Indirect registers accessor + * Indirect registers accessors. + * They used to be inlined, but this increases code size by ~65 kbytes. + * Since each performs a pair of MMIO ops + * within a spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore region, + * the cost of call+ret is almost negligible. MMIO and locking + * costs several dozens of cycles each at best, call+ret is ~5 cycles. */ -static inline uint32_t rv370_pcie_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - uint32_t r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(RADEON_PCIE_INDEX, ((reg) & rdev->pcie_reg_mask)); - r = RREG32(RADEON_PCIE_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void rv370_pcie_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, uint32_t v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(RADEON_PCIE_INDEX, ((reg) & rdev->pcie_reg_mask)); - WREG32(RADEON_PCIE_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pcie_idx_lock, flags); -} - -static inline u32 tn_smc_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(TN_SMC_IND_INDEX_0, (reg)); - r = RREG32(TN_SMC_IND_DATA_0); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void tn_smc_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(TN_SMC_IND_INDEX_0, (reg)); - WREG32(TN_SMC_IND_DATA_0, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->smc_idx_lock, flags); -} - -static inline u32 r600_rcu_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(R600_RCU_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1fff)); - r = RREG32(R600_RCU_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void r600_rcu_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(R600_RCU_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1fff)); - WREG32(R600_RCU_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->rcu_idx_lock, flags); -} - -static inline u32 eg_cg_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_ADDR, ((reg) & 0xffff)); - r = RREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void eg_cg_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_ADDR, ((reg) & 0xffff)); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_CG_IND_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->cg_idx_lock, flags); -} - -static inline u32 eg_pif_phy0_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); - r = RREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void eg_pif_phy0_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY0_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); -} - -static inline u32 eg_pif_phy1_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); - r = RREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void eg_pif_phy1_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_INDEX, ((reg) & 0xffff)); - WREG32(EVERGREEN_PIF_PHY1_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->pif_idx_lock, flags); -} - -static inline u32 r600_uvd_ctx_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1ff)); - r = RREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void r600_uvd_ctx_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_INDEX, ((reg) & 0x1ff)); - WREG32(R600_UVD_CTX_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->uvd_idx_lock, flags); -} - - -static inline u32 cik_didt_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg) -{ - unsigned long flags; - u32 r; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_INDEX, (reg)); - r = RREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_DATA); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); - return r; -} - -static inline void cik_didt_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v) -{ - unsigned long flags; - - spin_lock_irqsave(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); - WREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_INDEX, (reg)); - WREG32(CIK_DIDT_IND_DATA, (v)); - spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rdev->didt_idx_lock, flags); -} +uint32_t rv370_pcie_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg); +void rv370_pcie_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, uint32_t reg, uint32_t v); +u32 tn_smc_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void tn_smc_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); +u32 r600_rcu_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void r600_rcu_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); +u32 eg_cg_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void eg_cg_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); +u32 eg_pif_phy0_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void eg_pif_phy0_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); +u32 eg_pif_phy1_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void eg_pif_phy1_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); +u32 r600_uvd_ctx_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void r600_uvd_ctx_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); +u32 cik_didt_rreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg); +void cik_didt_wreg(struct radeon_device *rdev, u32 reg, u32 v); void r100_pll_errata_after_index(struct radeon_device *rdev);