-
PCI Power Management
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-An overview of the concepts and the related functions in the Linux kernel
+Copyright (c) 2010 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, Novell Inc.
+
+An overview of concepts and the Linux kernel's interfaces related to PCI power
+management. Based on previous work by Patrick Mochel <mochel@transmeta.com>
+(and others).
-Patrick Mochel <mochel@transmeta.com>
-(and others)
+This document only covers the aspects of power management specific to PCI
+devices. For general description of the kernel's interfaces related to device
+power management refer to Documentation/power/devices.txt and
+Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-1. Overview
-2. How the PCI Subsystem Does Power Management
-3. PCI Utility Functions
-4. PCI Device Drivers
-5. Resources
-
-1. Overview
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The PCI Power Management Specification was introduced between the PCI 2.1 and
-PCI 2.2 Specifications. It a standard interface for controlling various
-power management operations.
-
-Implementation of the PCI PM Spec is optional, as are several sub-components of
-it. If a device supports the PCI PM Spec, the device will have an 8 byte
-capability field in its PCI configuration space. This field is used to describe
-and control the standard PCI power management features.
-
-The PCI PM spec defines 4 operating states for devices (D0 - D3) and for buses
-(B0 - B3). The higher the number, the less power the device consumes. However,
-the higher the number, the longer the latency is for the device to return to
-an operational state (D0).
-
-There are actually two D3 states. When someone talks about D3, they usually
-mean D3hot, which corresponds to an ACPI D2 state (power is reduced, the
-device may lose some context). But they may also mean D3cold, which is an
-ACPI D3 state (power is fully off, all state was discarded); or both.
-
-Bus power management is not covered in this version of this document.
-
-Note that all PCI devices support D0 and D3cold by default, regardless of
-whether or not they implement any of the PCI PM spec.
-
-The possible state transitions that a device can undergo are:
-
-+---------------------------+
-| Current State | New State |
-+---------------------------+
-| D0 | D1, D2, D3|
-+---------------------------+
-| D1 | D2, D3 |
-+---------------------------+
-| D2 | D3 |
-+---------------------------+
-| D1, D2, D3 | D0 |
-+---------------------------+
-
-Note that when the system is entering a global suspend state, all devices will
-be placed into D3 and when resuming, all devices will be placed into D0.
-However, when the system is running, other state transitions are possible.
-
-2. How The PCI Subsystem Handles Power Management
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The PCI suspend/resume functionality is accessed indirectly via the Power
-Management subsystem. At boot, the PCI driver registers a power management
-callback with that layer. Upon entering a suspend state, the PM layer iterates
-through all of its registered callbacks. This currently takes place only during
-APM state transitions.
-
-Upon going to sleep, the PCI subsystem walks its device tree twice. Both times,
-it does a depth first walk of the device tree. The first walk saves each of the
-device's state and checks for devices that will prevent the system from entering
-a global power state. The next walk then places the devices in a low power
+1. Hardware and Platform Support for PCI Power Management
+2. PCI Subsystem and Device Power Management
+3. PCI Device Drivers and Power Management
+4. Resources
+
+
+1. Hardware and Platform Support for PCI Power Management
+=========================================================
+
+1.1. Native and Platform-Based Power Management
+-----------------------------------------------
+In general, power management is a feature allowing one to save energy by putting
+devices into states in which they draw less power (low-power states) at the
+price of reduced functionality or performance.
+
+Usually, a device is put into a low-power state when it is underutilized or
+completely inactive. However, when it is necessary to use the device once
+again, it has to be put back into the "fully functional" state (full-power
+state). This may happen when there are some data for the device to handle or
+as a result of an external event requiring the device to be active, which may
+be signaled by the device itself.
+
+PCI devices may be put into low-power states in two ways, by using the device
+capabilities introduced by the PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification,
+or with the help of platform firmware, such as an ACPI BIOS. In the first
+approach, that is referred to as the native PCI power management (native PCI PM)
+in what follows, the device power state is changed as a result of writing a
+specific value into one of its standard configuration registers. The second
+approach requires the platform firmware to provide special methods that may be
+used by the kernel to change the device's power state.
+
+Devices supporting the native PCI PM usually can generate wakeup signals called
+Power Management Events (PMEs) to let the kernel know about external events
+requiring the device to be active. After receiving a PME the kernel is supposed
+to put the device that sent it into the full-power state. However, the PCI Bus
+Power Management Interface Specification doesn't define any standard method of
+delivering the PME from the device to the CPU and the operating system kernel.
+It is assumed that the platform firmware will perform this task and therefore,
+even though a PCI device is set up to generate PMEs, it also may be necessary to
+prepare the platform firmware for notifying the CPU of the PMEs coming from the
+device (e.g. by generating interrupts).
+
+In turn, if the methods provided by the platform firmware are used for changing
+the power state of a device, usually the platform also provides a method for
+preparing the device to generate wakeup signals. In that case, however, it
+often also is necessary to prepare the device for generating PMEs using the
+native PCI PM mechanism, because the method provided by the platform depends on
+that.
+
+Thus in many situations both the native and the platform-based power management
+mechanisms have to be used simultaneously to obtain the desired result.
+
+1.2. Native PCI Power Management
+--------------------------------
+The PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification (PCI PM Spec) was
+introduced between the PCI 2.1 and PCI 2.2 Specifications. It defined a
+standard interface for performing various operations related to power
+management.
+
+The implementation of the PCI PM Spec is optional for conventional PCI devices,
+but it is mandatory for PCI Express devices. If a device supports the PCI PM
+Spec, it has an 8 byte power management capability field in its PCI
+configuration space. This field is used to describe and control the standard
+features related to the native PCI power management.
+
+The PCI PM Spec defines 4 operating states for devices (D0-D3) and for buses
+(B0-B3). The higher the number, the less power is drawn by the device or bus
+in that state. However, the higher the number, the longer the latency for
+the device or bus to return to the full-power state (D0 or B0, respectively).
+
+There are two variants of the D3 state defined by the specification. The first
+one is D3hot, referred to as the software accessible D3, because devices can be
+programmed to go into it. The second one, D3cold, is the state that PCI devices
+are in when the supply voltage (Vcc) is removed from them. It is not possible
+to program a PCI device to go into D3cold, although there may be a programmable
+interface for putting the bus the device is on into a state in which Vcc is
+removed from all devices on the bus.
+
+PCI bus power management, however, is not supported by the Linux kernel at the
+time of this writing and therefore it is not covered by this document.
+
+Note that every PCI device can be in the full-power state (D0) or in D3cold,
+regardless of whether or not it implements the PCI PM Spec. In addition to
+that, if the PCI PM Spec is implemented by the device, it must support D3hot
+as well as D0. The support for the D1 and D2 power states is optional.
+
+PCI devices supporting the PCI PM Spec can be programmed to go to any of the
+supported low-power states (except for D3cold). While in D1-D3hot the
+standard configuration registers of the device must be accessible to software
+(i.e. the device is required to respond to PCI configuration accesses), although
+its I/O and memory spaces are then disabled. This allows the device to be
+programmatically put into D0. Thus the kernel can switch the device back and
+forth between D0 and the supported low-power states (except for D3cold) and the
+possible power state transitions the device can undergo are the following:
+
++----------------------------+
+| Current State | New State |
++----------------------------+
+| D0 | D1, D2, D3 |
++----------------------------+
+| D1 | D2, D3 |
++----------------------------+
+| D2 | D3 |
++----------------------------+
+| D1, D2, D3 | D0 |
++----------------------------+
+
+The transition from D3cold to D0 occurs when the supply voltage is provided to
+the device (i.e. power is restored). In that case the device returns to D0 with
+a full power-on reset sequence and the power-on defaults are restored to the
+device by hardware just as at initial power up.
+
+PCI devices supporting the PCI PM Spec can be programmed to generate PMEs
+while in a low-power state (D1-D3), but they are not required to be capable
+of generating PMEs from all supported low-power states. In particular, the
+capability of generating PMEs from D3cold is optional and depends on the
+presence of additional voltage (3.3Vaux) allowing the device to remain
+sufficiently active to generate a wakeup signal.
+
+1.3. ACPI Device Power Management
+---------------------------------
+The platform firmware support for the power management of PCI devices is
+system-specific. However, if the system in question is compliant with the
+Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Specification, like the
+majority of x86-based systems, it is supposed to implement device power
+management interfaces defined by the ACPI standard.
+
+For this purpose the ACPI BIOS provides special functions called "control
+methods" that may be executed by the kernel to perform specific tasks, such as
+putting a device into a low-power state. These control methods are encoded
+using special byte-code language called the ACPI Machine Language (AML) and
+stored in the machine's BIOS. The kernel loads them from the BIOS and executes
+them as needed using an AML interpreter that translates the AML byte code into
+computations and memory or I/O space accesses. This way, in theory, a BIOS
+writer can provide the kernel with a means to perform actions depending
+on the system design in a system-specific fashion.
+
+ACPI control methods may be divided into global control methods, that are not
+associated with any particular devices, and device control methods, that have
+to be defined separately for each device supposed to be handled with the help of
+the platform. This means, in particular, that ACPI device control methods can
+only be used to handle devices that the BIOS writer knew about in advance. The
+ACPI methods used for device power management fall into that category.
+
+The ACPI specification assumes that devices can be in one of four power states
+labeled as D0, D1, D2, and D3 that roughly correspond to the native PCI PM
+D0-D3 states (although the difference between D3hot and D3cold is not taken
+into account by ACPI). Moreover, for each power state of a device there is a
+set of power resources that have to be enabled for the device to be put into
+that state. These power resources are controlled (i.e. enabled or disabled)
+with the help of their own control methods, _ON and _OFF, that have to be
+defined individually for each of them.
+
+To put a device into the ACPI power state Dx (where x is a number between 0 and
+3 inclusive) the kernel is supposed to (1) enable the power resources required
+by the device in this state using their _ON control methods and (2) execute the
+_PSx control method defined for the device. In addition to that, if the device
+is going to be put into a low-power state (D1-D3) and is supposed to generate
+wakeup signals from that state, the _DSW (or _PSW, replaced with _DSW by ACPI
+3.0) control method defined for it has to be executed before _PSx. Power
+resources that are not required by the device in the target power state and are
+not required any more by any other device should be disabled (by executing their
+_OFF control methods). If the current power state of the device is D3, it can
+only be put into D0 this way.
+
+However, quite often the power states of devices are changed during a
+system-wide transition into a sleep state or back into the working state. ACPI
+defines four system sleep states, S1, S2, S3, and S4, and denotes the system
+working state as S0. In general, the target system sleep (or working) state
+determines the highest power (lowest number) state the device can be put
+into and the kernel is supposed to obtain this information by executing the
+device's _SxD control method (where x is a number between 0 and 4 inclusive).
+If the device is required to wake up the system from the target sleep state, the
+lowest power (highest number) state it can be put into is also determined by the
+target state of the system. The kernel is then supposed to use the device's
+_SxW control method to obtain the number of that state. It also is supposed to
+use the device's _PRW control method to learn which power resources need to be
+enabled for the device to be able to generate wakeup signals.
+
+1.4. Wakeup Signaling
+---------------------
+Wakeup signals generated by PCI devices, either as native PCI PMEs, or as
+a result of the execution of the _DSW (or _PSW) ACPI control method before
+putting the device into a low-power state, have to be caught and handled as
+appropriate. If they are sent while the system is in the working state
+(ACPI S0), they should be translated into interrupts so that the kernel can
+put the devices generating them into the full-power state and take care of the
+events that triggered them. In turn, if they are sent while the system is
+sleeping, they should cause the system's core logic to trigger wakeup.
+
+On ACPI-based systems wakeup signals sent by conventional PCI devices are
+converted into ACPI General-Purpose Events (GPEs) which are hardware signals
+from the system core logic generated in response to various events that need to
+be acted upon. Every GPE is associated with one or more sources of potentially
+interesting events. In particular, a GPE may be associated with a PCI device
+capable of signaling wakeup. The information on the connections between GPEs
+and event sources is recorded in the system's ACPI BIOS from where it can be
+read by the kernel.
+
+If a PCI device known to the system's ACPI BIOS signals wakeup, the GPE
+associated with it (if there is one) is triggered. The GPEs associated with PCI
+bridges may also be triggered in response to a wakeup signal from one of the
+devices below the bridge (this also is the case for root bridges) and, for
+example, native PCI PMEs from devices unknown to the system's ACPI BIOS may be
+handled this way.
+
+A GPE may be triggered when the system is sleeping (i.e. when it is in one of
+the ACPI S1-S4 states), in which case system wakeup is started by its core logic
+(the device that was the source of the signal causing the system wakeup to occur
+may be identified later). The GPEs used in such situations are referred to as
+wakeup GPEs.
+
+Usually, however, GPEs are also triggered when the system is in the working
+state (ACPI S0) and in that case the system's core logic generates a System
+Control Interrupt (SCI) to notify the kernel of the event. Then, the SCI
+handler identifies the GPE that caused the interrupt to be generated which,
+in turn, allows the kernel to identify the source of the event (that may be
+a PCI device signaling wakeup). The GPEs used for notifying the kernel of
+events occurring while the system is in the working state are referred to as
+runtime GPEs.
+
+Unfortunately, there is no standard way of handling wakeup signals sent by
+conventional PCI devices on systems that are not ACPI-based, but there is one
+for PCI Express devices. Namely, the PCI Express Base Specification introduced
+a native mechanism for converting native PCI PMEs into interrupts generated by
+root ports. For conventional PCI devices native PMEs are out-of-band, so they
+are routed separately and they need not pass through bridges (in principle they
+may be routed directly to the system's core logic), but for PCI Express devices
+they are in-band messages that have to pass through the PCI Express hierarchy,
+including the root port on the path from the device to the Root Complex. Thus
+it was possible to introduce a mechanism by which a root port generates an
+interrupt whenever it receives a PME message from one of the devices below it.
+The PCI Express Requester ID of the device that sent the PME message is then
+recorded in one of the root port's configuration registers from where it may be
+read by the interrupt handler allowing the device to be identified. [PME
+messages sent by PCI Express endpoints integrated with the Root Complex don't
+pass through root ports, but instead they cause a Root Complex Event Collector
+(if there is one) to generate interrupts.]
+
+In principle the native PCI Express PME signaling may also be used on ACPI-based
+systems along with the GPEs, but to use it the kernel has to ask the system's
+ACPI BIOS to release control of root port configuration registers. The ACPI
+BIOS, however, is not required to allow the kernel to control these registers
+and if it doesn't do that, the kernel must not modify their contents. Of course
+the native PCI Express PME signaling cannot be used by the kernel in that case.
+
+
+2. PCI Subsystem and Device Power Management
+============================================
+
+2.1. Device Power Management Callbacks
+--------------------------------------
+The PCI Subsystem participates in the power management of PCI devices in a
+number of ways. First of all, it provides an intermediate code layer between
+the device power management core (PM core) and PCI device drivers.
+Specifically, the pm field of the PCI subsystem's struct bus_type object,
+pci_bus_type, points to a struct dev_pm_ops object, pci_dev_pm_ops, containing
+pointers to several device power management callbacks:
+
+const struct dev_pm_ops pci_dev_pm_ops = {
+ .prepare = pci_pm_prepare,
+ .complete = pci_pm_complete,
+ .suspend = pci_pm_suspend,
+ .resume = pci_pm_resume,
+ .freeze = pci_pm_freeze,
+ .thaw = pci_pm_thaw,
+ .poweroff = pci_pm_poweroff,
+ .restore = pci_pm_restore,
+ .suspend_noirq = pci_pm_suspend_noirq,
+ .resume_noirq = pci_pm_resume_noirq,
+ .freeze_noirq = pci_pm_freeze_noirq,
+ .thaw_noirq = pci_pm_thaw_noirq,
+ .poweroff_noirq = pci_pm_poweroff_noirq,
+ .restore_noirq = pci_pm_restore_noirq,
+ .runtime_suspend = pci_pm_runtime_suspend,
+ .runtime_resume = pci_pm_runtime_resume,
+ .runtime_idle = pci_pm_runtime_idle,
+};
+
+These callbacks are executed by the PM core in various situations related to
+device power management and they, in turn, execute power management callbacks
+provided by PCI device drivers. They also perform power management operations
+involving some standard configuration registers of PCI devices that device
+drivers need not know or care about.
+
+The structure representing a PCI device, struct pci_dev, contains several fields
+that these callbacks operate on:
+
+struct pci_dev {
+ ...
+ pci_power_t current_state; /* Current operating state. */
+ int pm_cap; /* PM capability offset in the
+ configuration space */
+ unsigned int pme_support:5; /* Bitmask of states from which PME#
+ can be generated */
+ unsigned int pme_interrupt:1;/* Is native PCIe PME signaling used? */
+ unsigned int d1_support:1; /* Low power state D1 is supported */
+ unsigned int d2_support:1; /* Low power state D2 is supported */
+ unsigned int no_d1d2:1; /* D1 and D2 are forbidden */
+ unsigned int wakeup_prepared:1; /* Device prepared for wake up */
+ unsigned int d3_delay; /* D3->D0 transition time in ms */
+ ...
+};
+
+They also indirectly use some fields of the struct device that is embedded in
+struct pci_dev.
+
+2.2. Device Initialization
+--------------------------
+The PCI subsystem's first task related to device power management is to
+prepare the device for power management and initialize the fields of struct
+pci_dev used for this purpose. This happens in two functions defined in
+drivers/pci/pci.c, pci_pm_init() and platform_pci_wakeup_init().
+
+The first of these functions checks if the device supports native PCI PM
+and if that's the case the offset of its power management capability structure
+in the configuration space is stored in the pm_cap field of the device's struct
+pci_dev object. Next, the function checks which PCI low-power states are
+supported by the device and from which low-power states the device can generate
+native PCI PMEs. The power management fields of the device's struct pci_dev and
+the struct device embedded in it are updated accordingly and the generation of
+PMEs by the device is disabled.
+
+The second function checks if the device can be prepared to signal wakeup with
+the help of the platform firmware, such as the ACPI BIOS. If that is the case,
+the function updates the wakeup fields in struct device embedded in the
+device's struct pci_dev and uses the firmware-provided method to prevent the
+device from signaling wakeup.
+
+At this point the device is ready for power management. For driverless devices,
+however, this functionality is limited to a few basic operations carried out
+during system-wide transitions to a sleep state and back to the working state.
+
+2.3. Runtime Device Power Management
+------------------------------------
+The PCI subsystem plays a vital role in the runtime power management of PCI
+devices. For this purpose it uses the general runtime power management
+(runtime PM) framework described in Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
+Namely, it provides subsystem-level callbacks:
+
+ pci_pm_runtime_suspend()
+ pci_pm_runtime_resume()
+ pci_pm_runtime_idle()
+
+that are executed by the core runtime PM routines. It also implements the
+entire mechanics necessary for handling runtime wakeup signals from PCI devices
+in low-power states, which at the time of this writing works for both the native
+PCI Express PME signaling and the ACPI GPE-based wakeup signaling described in
+Section 1.
+
+First, a PCI device is put into a low-power state, or suspended, with the help
+of pm_schedule_suspend() or pm_runtime_suspend() which for PCI devices call
+pci_pm_runtime_suspend() to do the actual job. For this to work, the device's
+driver has to provide a pm->runtime_suspend() callback (see below), which is
+run by pci_pm_runtime_suspend() as the first action. If the driver's callback
+returns successfully, the device's standard configuration registers are saved,
+the device is prepared to generate wakeup signals and, finally, it is put into
+the target low-power state.
+
+The low-power state to put the device into is the lowest-power (highest number)
+state from which it can signal wakeup. The exact method of signaling wakeup is
+system-dependent and is determined by the PCI subsystem on the basis of the
+reported capabilities of the device and the platform firmware. To prepare the
+device for signaling wakeup and put it into the selected low-power state, the
+PCI subsystem can use the platform firmware as well as the device's native PCI
+PM capabilities, if supported.
+
+It is expected that the device driver's pm->runtime_suspend() callback will
+not attempt to prepare the device for signaling wakeup or to put it into a
+low-power state. The driver ought to leave these tasks to the PCI subsystem
+that has all of the information necessary to perform them.
+
+A suspended device is brought back into the "active" state, or resumed,
+with the help of pm_request_resume() or pm_runtime_resume() which both call
+pci_pm_runtime_resume() for PCI devices. Again, this only works if the device's
+driver provides a pm->runtime_resume() callback (see below). However, before
+the driver's callback is executed, pci_pm_runtime_resume() brings the device
+back into the full-power state, prevents it from signaling wakeup while in that
+state and restores its standard configuration registers. Thus the driver's
+callback need not worry about the PCI-specific aspects of the device resume.
+
+Note that generally pci_pm_runtime_resume() may be called in two different
+situations. First, it may be called at the request of the device's driver, for
+example if there are some data for it to process. Second, it may be called
+as a result of a wakeup signal from the device itself (this sometimes is
+referred to as "remote wakeup"). Of course, for this purpose the wakeup signal
+is handled in one of the ways described in Section 1 and finally converted into
+a notification for the PCI subsystem after the source device has been
+identified.
+
+The pci_pm_runtime_idle() function, called for PCI devices by pm_runtime_idle()
+and pm_request_idle(), executes the device driver's pm->runtime_idle()
+callback, if defined, and if that callback doesn't return error code (or is not
+present at all), suspends the device with the help of pm_runtime_suspend().
+Sometimes pci_pm_runtime_idle() is called automatically by the PM core (for
+example, it is called right after the device has just been resumed), in which
+cases it is expected to suspend the device if that makes sense. Usually,
+however, the PCI subsystem doesn't really know if the device really can be
+suspended, so it lets the device's driver decide by running its
+pm->runtime_idle() callback.
+
+2.4. System-Wide Power Transitions
+----------------------------------
+There are a few different types of system-wide power transitions, described in
+Documentation/power/devices.txt. Each of them requires devices to be handled
+in a specific way and the PM core executes subsystem-level power management
+callbacks for this purpose. They are executed in phases such that each phase
+involves executing the same subsystem-level callback for every device belonging
+to the given subsystem before the next phase begins. These phases always run
+after tasks have been frozen.
+
+2.4.1. System Suspend
+
+When the system is going into a sleep state in which the contents of memory will
+be preserved, such as one of the ACPI sleep states S1-S3, the phases are:
+
+ prepare, suspend, suspend_noirq.
+
+The following PCI bus type's callbacks, respectively, are used in these phases:
+
+ pci_pm_prepare()
+ pci_pm_suspend()
+ pci_pm_suspend_noirq()
+
+The pci_pm_prepare() routine first puts the device into the "fully functional"
+state with the help of pm_runtime_resume(). Then, it executes the device
+driver's pm->prepare() callback if defined (i.e. if the driver's struct
+dev_pm_ops object is present and the prepare pointer in that object is valid).
+
+The pci_pm_suspend() routine first checks if the device's driver implements
+legacy PCI suspend routines (see Section 3), in which case the driver's legacy
+suspend callback is executed, if present, and its result is returned. Next, if
+the device's driver doesn't provide a struct dev_pm_ops object (containing
+pointers to the driver's callbacks), pci_pm_default_suspend() is called, which
+simply turns off the device's bus master capability and runs
+pcibios_disable_device() to disable it, unless the device is a bridge (PCI
+bridges are ignored by this routine). Next, the device driver's pm->suspend()
+callback is executed, if defined, and its result is returned if it fails.
+Finally, pci_fixup_device() is called to apply hardware suspend quirks related
+to the device if necessary.
+
+Note that the suspend phase is carried out asynchronously for PCI devices, so
+the pci_pm_suspend() callback may be executed in parallel for any pair of PCI
+devices that don't depend on each other in a known way (i.e. none of the paths
+in the device tree from the root bridge to a leaf device contains both of them).
+
+The pci_pm_suspend_noirq() routine is executed after suspend_device_irqs() has
+been called, which means that the device driver's interrupt handler won't be
+invoked while this routine is running. It first checks if the device's driver
+implements legacy PCI suspends routines (Section 3), in which case the legacy
+late suspend routine is called and its result is returned (the standard
+configuration registers of the device are saved if the driver's callback hasn't
+done that). Second, if the device driver's struct dev_pm_ops object is not
+present, the device's standard configuration registers are saved and the routine
+returns success. Otherwise the device driver's pm->suspend_noirq() callback is
+executed, if present, and its result is returned if it fails. Next, if the
+device's standard configuration registers haven't been saved yet (one of the
+device driver's callbacks executed before might do that), pci_pm_suspend_noirq()
+saves them, prepares the device to signal wakeup (if necessary) and puts it into
+a low-power state.
+
+The low-power state to put the device into is the lowest-power (highest number)
+state from which it can signal wakeup while the system is in the target sleep
+state. Just like in the runtime PM case described above, the mechanism of
+signaling wakeup is system-dependent and determined by the PCI subsystem, which
+is also responsible for preparing the device to signal wakeup from the system's
+target sleep state as appropriate.
+
+PCI device drivers (that don't implement legacy power management callbacks) are
+generally not expected to prepare devices for signaling wakeup or to put them
+into low-power states. However, if one of the driver's suspend callbacks
+(pm->suspend() or pm->suspend_noirq()) saves the device's standard configuration
+registers, pci_pm_suspend_noirq() will assume that the device has been prepared
+to signal wakeup and put into a low-power state by the driver (the driver is
+then assumed to have used the helper functions provided by the PCI subsystem for
+this purpose). PCI device drivers are not encouraged to do that, but in some
+rare cases doing that in the driver may be the optimum approach.
+
+2.4.2. System Resume
+
+When the system is undergoing a transition from a sleep state in which the
+contents of memory have been preserved, such as one of the ACPI sleep states
+S1-S3, into the working state (ACPI S0), the phases are:
+
+ resume_noirq, resume, complete.
+
+The following PCI bus type's callbacks, respectively, are executed in these
+phases:
+
+ pci_pm_resume_noirq()
+ pci_pm_resume()
+ pci_pm_complete()
+
+The pci_pm_resume_noirq() routine first puts the device into the full-power
+state, restores its standard configuration registers and applies early resume
+hardware quirks related to the device, if necessary. This is done
+unconditionally, regardless of whether or not the device's driver implements
+legacy PCI power management callbacks (this way all PCI devices are in the
+full-power state and their standard configuration registers have been restored
+when their interrupt handlers are invoked for the first time during resume,
+which allows the kernel to avoid problems with the handling of shared interrupts
+by drivers whose devices are still suspended). If legacy PCI power management
+callbacks (see Section 3) are implemented by the device's driver, the legacy
+early resume callback is executed and its result is returned. Otherwise, the
+device driver's pm->resume_noirq() callback is executed, if defined, and its
+result is returned.
+
+The pci_pm_resume() routine first checks if the device's standard configuration
+registers have been restored and restores them if that's not the case (this
+only is necessary in the error path during a failing suspend). Next, resume
+hardware quirks related to the device are applied, if necessary, and if the
+device's driver implements legacy PCI power management callbacks (see
+Section 3), the driver's legacy resume callback is executed and its result is
+returned. Otherwise, the device's wakeup signaling mechanisms are blocked and
+its driver's pm->resume() callback is executed, if defined (the callback's
+result is then returned).
+
+The resume phase is carried out asynchronously for PCI devices, like the
+suspend phase described above, which means that if two PCI devices don't depend
+on each other in a known way, the pci_pm_resume() routine may be executed for
+the both of them in parallel.
+
+The pci_pm_complete() routine only executes the device driver's pm->complete()
+callback, if defined.
+
+2.4.3. System Hibernation
+
+System hibernation is more complicated than system suspend, because it requires
+a system image to be created and written into a persistent storage medium. The
+image is created atomically and all devices are quiesced, or frozen, before that
+happens.
+
+The freezing of devices is carried out after enough memory has been freed (at
+the time of this writing the image creation requires at least 50% of system RAM
+to be free) in the following three phases:
+
+ prepare, freeze, freeze_noirq
+
+that correspond to the PCI bus type's callbacks:
+
+ pci_pm_prepare()
+ pci_pm_freeze()
+ pci_pm_freeze_noirq()
+
+This means that the prepare phase is exactly the same as for system suspend.
+The other two phases, however, are different.
+
+The pci_pm_freeze() routine is quite similar to pci_pm_suspend(), but it runs
+the device driver's pm->freeze() callback, if defined, instead of pm->suspend(),
+and it doesn't apply the suspend-related hardware quirks. It is executed
+asynchronously for different PCI devices that don't depend on each other in a
+known way.
+
+The pci_pm_freeze_noirq() routine, in turn, is similar to
+pci_pm_suspend_noirq(), but it calls the device driver's pm->freeze_noirq()
+routine instead of pm->suspend_noirq(). It also doesn't attempt to prepare the
+device for signaling wakeup and put it into a low-power state. Still, it saves
+the device's standard configuration registers if they haven't been saved by one
+of the driver's callbacks.
+
+Once the image has been created, it has to be saved. However, at this point all
+devices are frozen and they cannot handle I/O, while their ability to handle
+I/O is obviously necessary for the image saving. Thus they have to be brought
+back to the fully functional state and this is done in the following phases:
+
+ thaw_noirq, thaw, complete
+
+using the following PCI bus type's callbacks:
+
+ pci_pm_thaw_noirq()
+ pci_pm_thaw()
+ pci_pm_complete()
+
+respectively.
+
+The first of them, pci_pm_thaw_noirq(), is analogous to pci_pm_resume_noirq(),
+but it doesn't put the device into the full power state and doesn't attempt to
+restore its standard configuration registers. It also executes the device
+driver's pm->thaw_noirq() callback, if defined, instead of pm->resume_noirq().
+
+The pci_pm_thaw() routine is similar to pci_pm_resume(), but it runs the device
+driver's pm->thaw() callback instead of pm->resume(). It is executed
+asynchronously for different PCI devices that don't depend on each other in a
+known way.
+
+The complete phase it the same as for system resume.
+
+After saving the image, devices need to be powered down before the system can
+enter the target sleep state (ACPI S4 for ACPI-based systems). This is done in
+three phases:
+
+ prepare, poweroff, poweroff_noirq
+
+where the prepare phase is exactly the same as for system suspend. The other
+two phases are analogous to the suspend and suspend_noirq phases, respectively.
+The PCI subsystem-level callbacks they correspond to
+
+ pci_pm_poweroff()
+ pci_pm_poweroff_noirq()
+
+work in analogy with pci_pm_suspend() and pci_pm_poweroff_noirq(), respectively,
+although they don't attempt to save the device's standard configuration
+registers.
+
+2.4.4. System Restore
+
+System restore requires a hibernation image to be loaded into memory and the
+pre-hibernation memory contents to be restored before the pre-hibernation system
+activity can be resumed.
+
+As described in Documentation/power/devices.txt, the hibernation image is loaded
+into memory by a fresh instance of the kernel, called the boot kernel, which in
+turn is loaded and run by a boot loader in the usual way. After the boot kernel
+has loaded the image, it needs to replace its own code and data with the code
+and data of the "hibernated" kernel stored within the image, called the image
+kernel. For this purpose all devices are frozen just like before creating
+the image during hibernation, in the
+
+ prepare, freeze, freeze_noirq
+
+phases described above. However, the devices affected by these phases are only
+those having drivers in the boot kernel; other devices will still be in whatever
+state the boot loader left them.
+
+Should the restoration of the pre-hibernation memory contents fail, the boot
+kernel would go through the "thawing" procedure described above, using the
+thaw_noirq, thaw, and complete phases (that will only affect the devices having
+drivers in the boot kernel), and then continue running normally.
+
+If the pre-hibernation memory contents are restored successfully, which is the
+usual situation, control is passed to the image kernel, which then becomes
+responsible for bringing the system back to the working state. To achieve this,
+it must restore the devices' pre-hibernation functionality, which is done much
+like waking up from the memory sleep state, although it involves different
+phases:
+
+ restore_noirq, restore, complete
+
+The first two of these are analogous to the resume_noirq and resume phases
+described above, respectively, and correspond to the following PCI subsystem
+callbacks:
+
+ pci_pm_restore_noirq()
+ pci_pm_restore()
+
+These callbacks work in analogy with pci_pm_resume_noirq() and pci_pm_resume(),
+respectively, but they execute the device driver's pm->restore_noirq() and
+pm->restore() callbacks, if available.
+
+The complete phase is carried out in exactly the same way as during system
+resume.
+
+
+3. PCI Device Drivers and Power Management
+==========================================
+
+3.1. Power Management Callbacks
+-------------------------------
+PCI device drivers participate in power management by providing callbacks to be
+executed by the PCI subsystem's power management routines described above and by
+controlling the runtime power management of their devices.
+
+At the time of this writing there are two ways to define power management
+callbacks for a PCI device driver, the recommended one, based on using a
+dev_pm_ops structure described in Documentation/power/devices.txt, and the
+"legacy" one, in which the .suspend(), .suspend_late(), .resume_early(), and
+.resume() callbacks from struct pci_driver are used. The legacy approach,
+however, doesn't allow one to define runtime power management callbacks and is
+not really suitable for any new drivers. Therefore it is not covered by this
+document (refer to the source code to learn more about it).
+
+It is recommended that all PCI device drivers define a struct dev_pm_ops object
+containing pointers to power management (PM) callbacks that will be executed by
+the PCI subsystem's PM routines in various circumstances. A pointer to the
+driver's struct dev_pm_ops object has to be assigned to the driver.pm field in
+its struct pci_driver object. Once that has happened, the "legacy" PM callbacks
+in struct pci_driver are ignored (even if they are not NULL).
+
+The PM callbacks in struct dev_pm_ops are not mandatory and if they are not
+defined (i.e. the respective fields of struct dev_pm_ops are unset) the PCI
+subsystem will handle the device in a simplified default manner. If they are
+defined, though, they are expected to behave as described in the following
+subsections.
+
+3.1.1. prepare()
+
+The prepare() callback is executed during system suspend, during hibernation
+(when a hibernation image is about to be created), during power-off after
+saving a hibernation image and during system restore, when a hibernation image
+has just been loaded into memory.
+
+This callback is only necessary if the driver's device has children that in
+general may be registered at any time. In that case the role of the prepare()
+callback is to prevent new children of the device from being registered until
+one of the resume_noirq(), thaw_noirq(), or restore_noirq() callbacks is run.
+
+In addition to that the prepare() callback may carry out some operations
+preparing the device to be suspended, although it should not allocate memory
+(if additional memory is required to suspend the device, it has to be
+preallocated earlier, for example in a suspend/hibernate notifier as described
+in Documentation/power/notifiers.txt).
+
+3.1.2. suspend()
+
+The suspend() callback is only executed during system suspend, after prepare()
+callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system.
+
+This callback is expected to quiesce the device and prepare it to be put into a
+low-power state by the PCI subsystem. It is not required (in fact it even is
+not recommended) that a PCI driver's suspend() callback save the standard
+configuration registers of the device, prepare it for waking up the system, or
+put it into a low-power state. All of these operations can very well be taken
+care of by the PCI subsystem, without the driver's participation.
+
+However, in some rare case it is convenient to carry out these operations in
+a PCI driver. Then, pci_save_state(), pci_prepare_to_sleep(), and
+pci_set_power_state() should be used to save the device's standard configuration
+registers, to prepare it for system wakeup (if necessary), and to put it into a
+low-power state, respectively. Moreover, if the driver calls pci_save_state(),
+the PCI subsystem will not execute either pci_prepare_to_sleep(), or
+pci_set_power_state() for its device, so the driver is then responsible for
+handling the device as appropriate.
+
+While the suspend() callback is being executed, the driver's interrupt handler
+can be invoked to handle an interrupt from the device, so all suspend-related
+operations relying on the driver's ability to handle interrupts should be
+carried out in this callback.
+
+3.1.3. suspend_noirq()
+
+The suspend_noirq() callback is only executed during system suspend, after
+suspend() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and
+after device interrupts have been disabled by the PM core.
+
+The difference between suspend_noirq() and suspend() is that the driver's
+interrupt handler will not be invoked while suspend_noirq() is running. Thus
+suspend_noirq() can carry out operations that would cause race conditions to
+arise if they were performed in suspend().
+
+3.1.4. freeze()
+
+The freeze() callback is hibernation-specific and is executed in two situations,
+during hibernation, after prepare() callbacks have been executed for all devices
+in preparation for the creation of a system image, and during restore,
+after a system image has been loaded into memory from persistent storage and the
+prepare() callbacks have been executed for all devices.
+
+The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend() callback
+described above. In fact, they only need to be different in the rare cases when
+the driver takes the responsibility for putting the device into a low-power
state.
-The first walk allows a graceful recovery in the event of a failure, since none
-of the devices have actually been powered down.
-
-In both walks, in particular the second, all children of a bridge are touched
-before the actual bridge itself. This allows the bridge to retain power while
-its children are being accessed.
-
-Upon resuming from sleep, just the opposite must be true: all bridges must be
-powered on and restored before their children are powered on. This is easily
-accomplished with a breadth-first walk of the PCI device tree.
-
-
-3. PCI Utility Functions
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-These are helper functions designed to be called by individual device drivers.
-Assuming that a device behaves as advertised, these should be applicable in most
-cases. However, results may vary.
-
-Note that these functions are never implicitly called for the driver. The driver
-is always responsible for deciding when and if to call these.
-
-
-pci_save_state
---------------
-
-Usage:
- pci_save_state(struct pci_dev *dev);
-
-Description:
- Save first 64 bytes of PCI config space, along with any additional
- PCI-Express or PCI-X information.
-
-
-pci_restore_state
------------------
-
-Usage:
- pci_restore_state(struct pci_dev *dev);
-
-Description:
- Restore previously saved config space.
-
-
-pci_set_power_state
--------------------
-
-Usage:
- pci_set_power_state(struct pci_dev *dev, pci_power_t state);
-
-Description:
- Transition device to low power state using PCI PM Capabilities
- registers.
-
- Will fail under one of the following conditions:
- - If state is less than current state, but not D0 (illegal transition)
- - Device doesn't support PM Capabilities
- - Device does not support requested state
-
-
-pci_enable_wake
----------------
-
-Usage:
- pci_enable_wake(struct pci_dev *dev, pci_power_t state, int enable);
-
-Description:
- Enable device to generate PME# during low power state using PCI PM
- Capabilities.
-
- Checks whether if device supports generating PME# from requested state
- and fail if it does not, unless enable == 0 (request is to disable wake
- events, which is implicit if it doesn't even support it in the first
- place).
-
- Note that the PMC Register in the device's PM Capabilities has a bitmask
- of the states it supports generating PME# from. D3hot is bit 3 and
- D3cold is bit 4. So, while a value of 4 as the state may not seem
- semantically correct, it is.
-
-
-4. PCI Device Drivers
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-These functions are intended for use by individual drivers, and are defined in
-struct pci_driver:
-
- int (*suspend) (struct pci_dev *dev, pm_message_t state);
- int (*resume) (struct pci_dev *dev);
-
-
-suspend
--------
-
-Usage:
-
-if (dev->driver && dev->driver->suspend)
- dev->driver->suspend(dev,state);
-
-A driver uses this function to actually transition the device into a low power
-state. This should include disabling I/O, IRQs, and bus-mastering, as well as
-physically transitioning the device to a lower power state; it may also include
-calls to pci_enable_wake().
-
-Bus mastering may be disabled by doing:
-
-pci_disable_device(dev);
-
-For devices that support the PCI PM Spec, this may be used to set the device's
-power state to match the suspend() parameter:
-
-pci_set_power_state(dev,state);
-
-The driver is also responsible for disabling any other device-specific features
-(e.g blanking screen, turning off on-card memory, etc).
-
-The driver should be sure to track the current state of the device, as it may
-obviate the need for some operations.
-
-The driver should update the current_state field in its pci_dev structure in
-this function, except for PM-capable devices when pci_set_power_state is used.
-
-resume
-------
-
-Usage:
-
-if (dev->driver && dev->driver->resume)
- dev->driver->resume(dev)
+In that cases the freeze() callback should not prepare the device system wakeup
+or put it into a low-power state. Still, either it or freeze_noirq() should
+save the device's standard configuration registers using pci_save_state().
-The resume callback may be called from any power state, and is always meant to
-transition the device to the D0 state.
+3.1.5. freeze_noirq()
-The driver is responsible for reenabling any features of the device that had
-been disabled during previous suspend calls, such as IRQs and bus mastering,
-as well as calling pci_restore_state().
+The freeze_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed during
+hibernation, after prepare() and freeze() callbacks have been executed for all
+devices in preparation for the creation of a system image, and during restore,
+after a system image has been loaded into memory and after prepare() and
+freeze() callbacks have been executed for all devices. It is always executed
+after device interrupts have been disabled by the PM core.
-If the device is currently in D3, it may need to be reinitialized in resume().
+The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend_noirq()
+callback described above and it very rarely is necessary to define
+freeze_noirq().
- * Some types of devices, like bus controllers, will preserve context in D3hot
- (using Vcc power). Their drivers will often want to avoid re-initializing
- them after re-entering D0 (perhaps to avoid resetting downstream devices).
+The difference between freeze_noirq() and freeze() is analogous to the
+difference between suspend_noirq() and suspend().
- * Other kinds of devices in D3hot will discard device context as part of a
- soft reset when re-entering the D0 state.
-
- * Devices resuming from D3cold always go through a power-on reset. Some
- device context can also be preserved using Vaux power.
+3.1.6. poweroff()
- * Some systems hide D3cold resume paths from drivers. For example, on PCs
- the resume path for suspend-to-disk often runs BIOS powerup code, which
- will sometimes re-initialize the device.
+The poweroff() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed when the system
+is about to be powered off after saving a hibernation image to a persistent
+storage. prepare() callbacks are executed for all devices before poweroff() is
+called.
-To handle resets during D3 to D0 transitions, it may be convenient to share
-device initialization code between probe() and resume(). Device parameters
-can also be saved before the driver suspends into D3, avoiding re-probe.
+The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend() and freeze()
+callbacks described above, although it does not need to save the contents of
+the device's registers. In particular, if the driver wants to put the device
+into a low-power state itself instead of allowing the PCI subsystem to do that,
+the poweroff() callback should use pci_prepare_to_sleep() and
+pci_set_power_state() to prepare the device for system wakeup and to put it
+into a low-power state, respectively, but it need not save the device's standard
+configuration registers.
-If the device supports the PCI PM Spec, it can use this to physically transition
-the device to D0:
+3.1.7. poweroff_noirq()
-pci_set_power_state(dev,0);
+The poweroff_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after
+poweroff() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system.
-Note that if the entire system is transitioning out of a global sleep state, all
-devices will be placed in the D0 state, so this is not necessary. However, in
-the event that the device is placed in the D3 state during normal operation,
-this call is necessary. It is impossible to determine which of the two events is
-taking place in the driver, so it is always a good idea to make that call.
+The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend_noirq() and
+freeze_noirq() callbacks described above, but it does not need to save the
+contents of the device's registers.
-The driver should take note of the state that it is resuming from in order to
-ensure correct (and speedy) operation.
+The difference between poweroff_noirq() and poweroff() is analogous to the
+difference between suspend_noirq() and suspend().
-The driver should update the current_state field in its pci_dev structure in
-this function, except for PM-capable devices when pci_set_power_state is used.
+3.1.8. resume_noirq()
+The resume_noirq() callback is only executed during system resume, after the
+PM core has enabled the non-boot CPUs. The driver's interrupt handler will not
+be invoked while resume_noirq() is running, so this callback can carry out
+operations that might race with the interrupt handler.
+Since the PCI subsystem unconditionally puts all devices into the full power
+state in the resume_noirq phase of system resume and restores their standard
+configuration registers, resume_noirq() is usually not necessary. In general
+it should only be used for performing operations that would lead to race
+conditions if carried out by resume().
-A reference implementation
--------------------------
-.suspend()
-{
- /* driver specific operations */
+3.1.9. resume()
- /* Disable IRQ */
- free_irq();
- /* If using MSI */
- pci_disable_msi();
+The resume() callback is only executed during system resume, after
+resume_noirq() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and
+device interrupts have been enabled by the PM core.
- pci_save_state();
- pci_enable_wake();
- /* Disable IO/bus master/irq router */
- pci_disable_device();
- pci_set_power_state(pci_choose_state());
-}
+This callback is responsible for restoring the pre-suspend configuration of the
+device and bringing it back to the fully functional state. The device should be
+able to process I/O in a usual way after resume() has returned.
-.resume()
-{
- pci_set_power_state(PCI_D0);
- pci_restore_state();
- /* device's irq possibly is changed, driver should take care */
- pci_enable_device();
- pci_set_master();
+3.1.10. thaw_noirq()
- /* if using MSI, device's vector possibly is changed */
- pci_enable_msi();
+The thaw_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after a
+system image has been created and the non-boot CPUs have been enabled by the PM
+core, in the thaw_noirq phase of hibernation. It also may be executed if the
+loading of a hibernation image fails during system restore (it is then executed
+after enabling the non-boot CPUs). The driver's interrupt handler will not be
+invoked while thaw_noirq() is running.
- request_irq();
- /* driver specific operations; */
-}
+The role of this callback is analogous to the role of resume_noirq(). The
+difference between these two callbacks is that thaw_noirq() is executed after
+freeze() and freeze_noirq(), so in general it does not need to modify the
+contents of the device's registers.
-This is a typical implementation. Drivers can slightly change the order
-of the operations in the implementation, ignore some operations or add
-more driver specific operations in it, but drivers should do something like
-this on the whole.
+3.1.11. thaw()
-5. Resources
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The thaw() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after thaw_noirq()
+callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and after device
+interrupts have been enabled by the PM core.
-PCI Local Bus Specification
-PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification
+This callback is responsible for restoring the pre-freeze configuration of
+the device, so that it will work in a usual way after thaw() has returned.
- http://www.pcisig.com
+3.1.12. restore_noirq()
+The restore_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed in the
+restore_noirq phase of hibernation, when the boot kernel has passed control to
+the image kernel and the non-boot CPUs have been enabled by the image kernel's
+PM core.
+
+This callback is analogous to resume_noirq() with the exception that it cannot
+make any assumption on the previous state of the device, even if the BIOS (or
+generally the platform firmware) is known to preserve that state over a
+suspend-resume cycle.
+
+For the vast majority of PCI device drivers there is no difference between
+resume_noirq() and restore_noirq().
+
+3.1.13. restore()
+
+The restore() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after
+restore_noirq() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and
+after the PM core has enabled device drivers' interrupt handlers to be invoked.
+
+This callback is analogous to resume(), just like restore_noirq() is analogous
+to resume_noirq(). Consequently, the difference between restore_noirq() and
+restore() is analogous to the difference between resume_noirq() and resume().
+
+For the vast majority of PCI device drivers there is no difference between
+resume() and restore().
+
+3.1.14. complete()
+
+The complete() callback is executed in the following situations:
+ - during system resume, after resume() callbacks have been executed for all
+ devices,
+ - during hibernation, before saving the system image, after thaw() callbacks
+ have been executed for all devices,
+ - during system restore, when the system is going back to its pre-hibernation
+ state, after restore() callbacks have been executed for all devices.
+It also may be executed if the loading of a hibernation image into memory fails
+(in that case it is run after thaw() callbacks have been executed for all
+devices that have drivers in the boot kernel).
+
+This callback is entirely optional, although it may be necessary if the
+prepare() callback performs operations that need to be reversed.
+
+3.1.15. runtime_suspend()
+
+The runtime_suspend() callback is specific to device runtime power management
+(runtime PM). It is executed by the PM core's runtime PM framework when the
+device is about to be suspended (i.e. quiesced and put into a low-power state)
+at run time.
+
+This callback is responsible for freezing the device and preparing it to be
+put into a low-power state, but it must allow the PCI subsystem to perform all
+of the PCI-specific actions necessary for suspending the device.
+
+3.1.16. runtime_resume()
+
+The runtime_resume() callback is specific to device runtime PM. It is executed
+by the PM core's runtime PM framework when the device is about to be resumed
+(i.e. put into the full-power state and programmed to process I/O normally) at
+run time.
+
+This callback is responsible for restoring the normal functionality of the
+device after it has been put into the full-power state by the PCI subsystem.
+The device is expected to be able to process I/O in the usual way after
+runtime_resume() has returned.
+
+3.1.17. runtime_idle()
+
+The runtime_idle() callback is specific to device runtime PM. It is executed
+by the PM core's runtime PM framework whenever it may be desirable to suspend
+the device according to the PM core's information. In particular, it is
+automatically executed right after runtime_resume() has returned in case the
+resume of the device has happened as a result of a spurious event.
+
+This callback is optional, but if it is not implemented or if it returns 0, the
+PCI subsystem will call pm_runtime_suspend() for the device, which in turn will
+cause the driver's runtime_suspend() callback to be executed.
+
+3.1.18. Pointing Multiple Callback Pointers to One Routine
+
+Although in principle each of the callbacks described in the previous
+subsections can be defined as a separate function, it often is convenient to
+point two or more members of struct dev_pm_ops to the same routine. There are
+a few convenience macros that can be used for this purpose.
+
+The SIMPLE_DEV_PM_OPS macro declares a struct dev_pm_ops object with one
+suspend routine pointed to by the .suspend(), .freeze(), and .poweroff()
+members and one resume routine pointed to by the .resume(), .thaw(), and
+.restore() members. The other function pointers in this struct dev_pm_ops are
+unset.
+
+The UNIVERSAL_DEV_PM_OPS macro is similar to SIMPLE_DEV_PM_OPS, but it
+additionally sets the .runtime_resume() pointer to the same value as
+.resume() (and .thaw(), and .restore()) and the .runtime_suspend() pointer to
+the same value as .suspend() (and .freeze() and .poweroff()).
+
+The SET_SYSTEM_SLEEP_PM_OPS can be used inside of a declaration of struct
+dev_pm_ops to indicate that one suspend routine is to be pointed to by the
+.suspend(), .freeze(), and .poweroff() members and one resume routine is to
+be pointed to by the .resume(), .thaw(), and .restore() members.
+
+3.2. Device Runtime Power Management
+------------------------------------
+In addition to providing device power management callbacks PCI device drivers
+are responsible for controlling the runtime power management (runtime PM) of
+their devices.
+
+The PCI device runtime PM is optional, but it is recommended that PCI device
+drivers implement it at least in the cases where there is a reliable way of
+verifying that the device is not used (like when the network cable is detached
+from an Ethernet adapter or there are no devices attached to a USB controller).
+
+To support the PCI runtime PM the driver first needs to implement the
+runtime_suspend() and runtime_resume() callbacks. It also may need to implement
+the runtime_idle() callback to prevent the device from being suspended again
+every time right after the runtime_resume() callback has returned
+(alternatively, the runtime_suspend() callback will have to check if the
+device should really be suspended and return -EAGAIN if that is not the case).
+
+The runtime PM of PCI devices is disabled by default. It is also blocked by
+pci_pm_init() that runs the pm_runtime_forbid() helper function. If a PCI
+driver implements the runtime PM callbacks and intends to use the runtime PM
+framework provided by the PM core and the PCI subsystem, it should enable this
+feature by executing the pm_runtime_enable() helper function. However, the
+driver should not call the pm_runtime_allow() helper function unblocking
+the runtime PM of the device. Instead, it should allow user space or some
+platform-specific code to do that (user space can do it via sysfs), although
+once it has called pm_runtime_enable(), it must be prepared to handle the
+runtime PM of the device correctly as soon as pm_runtime_allow() is called
+(which may happen at any time). [It also is possible that user space causes
+pm_runtime_allow() to be called via sysfs before the driver is loaded, so in
+fact the driver has to be prepared to handle the runtime PM of the device as
+soon as it calls pm_runtime_enable().]
+
+The runtime PM framework works by processing requests to suspend or resume
+devices, or to check if they are idle (in which cases it is reasonable to
+subsequently request that they be suspended). These requests are represented
+by work items put into the power management workqueue, pm_wq. Although there
+are a few situations in which power management requests are automatically
+queued by the PM core (for example, after processing a request to resume a
+device the PM core automatically queues a request to check if the device is
+idle), device drivers are generally responsible for queuing power management
+requests for their devices. For this purpose they should use the runtime PM
+helper functions provided by the PM core, discussed in
+Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
+
+Devices can also be suspended and resumed synchronously, without placing a
+request into pm_wq. In the majority of cases this also is done by their
+drivers that use helper functions provided by the PM core for this purpose.
+
+For more information on the runtime PM of devices refer to
+Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
+
+
+4. Resources
+============
+
+PCI Local Bus Specification, Rev. 3.0
+PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification, Rev. 1.2
+Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Specification, Rev. 3.0b
+PCI Express Base Specification, Rev. 2.0
+Documentation/power/devices.txt
+Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt
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