-[ NOTE: The virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() functions have been
+==========================================================
+How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers
+==========================================================
+
+:Author: Linus
+
+.. warning::
+
+ The virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() functions have been
superseded by the functionality provided by the PCI DMA interface
(see Documentation/DMA-API-HOWTO.txt). They continue
to be documented below for historical purposes, but new code
- must not use them. --davidm 00/12/12 ]
+ must not use them. --davidm 00/12/12
-[ This is a mail message in response to a query on IO mapping, thus the
- strange format for a "document" ]
+::
+
+ [ This is a mail message in response to a query on IO mapping, thus the
+ strange format for a "document" ]
The AHA-1542 is a bus-master device, and your patch makes the driver give the
controller the physical address of the buffers, which is correct on x86
(because all bus master devices see the physical memory mappings directly).
-However, on many setups, there are actually _three_ different ways of looking
+However, on many setups, there are actually **three** different ways of looking
at memory addresses, and in this case we actually want the third, the
so-called "bus address".
not generally necessarily true on other PCI/ISA setups.
Now, just as an example, on the PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform), the
-CPU sees a memory map something like this (this is from memory):
+CPU sees a memory map something like this (this is from memory)::
0-2 GB "real memory"
2 GB-3 GB "system IO" (inb/out and similar accesses on x86)
has to give the master address 0x80000000 as the memory address.
So, for example, depending on how the kernel is actually mapped on the
-PPC, you can end up with a setup like this:
+PPC, you can end up with a setup like this::
physical address: 0
virtual address: 0xC0000000
where all the addresses actually point to the same thing. It's just seen
through different translations..
-Similarly, on the Alpha, the normal translation is
+Similarly, on the Alpha, the normal translation is::
physical address: 0
virtual address: 0xfffffc0000000000
(but there are also Alphas where the physical address and the bus address
are the same).
-Anyway, the way to look up all these translations, you do
+Anyway, the way to look up all these translations, you do::
#include <asm/io.h>
Now, when do you need these?
-You want the _virtual_ address when you are actually going to access that
-pointer from the kernel. So you can have something like this:
+You want the **virtual** address when you are actually going to access that
+pointer from the kernel. So you can have something like this::
/*
* this is the hardware "mailbox" we use to communicate with
...
on the other hand, you want the bus address when you have a buffer that
-you want to give to the controller:
+you want to give to the controller::
/* ask the controller to read the sense status into "sense_buffer" */
mbox.bufstart = virt_to_bus(&sense_buffer);
mbox.status = 0;
notify_controller(&mbox);
-And you generally _never_ want to use the physical address, because you can't
+And you generally **never** want to use the physical address, because you can't
use that from the CPU (the CPU only uses translated virtual addresses), and
you can't use it from the bus master.
management layer doesn't know about devices outside the CPU, so it
shouldn't need to know about "bus addresses" etc).
-NOTE NOTE NOTE! The above is only one part of the whole equation. The above
-only talks about "real memory", that is, CPU memory (RAM).
+.. note::
+
+ The above is only one part of the whole equation. The above
+ only talks about "real memory", that is, CPU memory (RAM).
There is a completely different type of memory too, and that's the "shared
memory" on the PCI or ISA bus. That's generally not RAM (although in the case
related functions. You should never take the address of such memory, because
there is really nothing you can do with such an address: it's not
conceptually in the same memory space as "real memory" at all, so you cannot
-just dereference a pointer. (Sadly, on x86 it _is_ in the same memory space,
+just dereference a pointer. (Sadly, on x86 it **is** in the same memory space,
so on x86 it actually works to just deference a pointer, but it's not
portable).
-For such memory, you can do things like
+For such memory, you can do things like:
+
+ - reading::
- - reading:
/*
* read first 32 bits from ISA memory at 0xC0000, aka
* C000:0000 in DOS terms
*/
unsigned int signature = isa_readl(0xC0000);
- - remapping and writing:
+ - remapping and writing::
+
/*
* remap framebuffer PCI memory area at 0xFC000000,
* size 1MB, so that we can access it: We can directly
/* unmap when we unload the driver */
iounmap(baseptr);
- - copying and clearing:
+ - copying and clearing::
+
/* get the 6-byte Ethernet address at ISA address E000:0040 */
memcpy_fromio(kernel_buffer, 0xE0040, 6);
/* write a packet to the driver */
Note that kernel versions 2.0.x (and earlier) mistakenly called the
ioremap() function "vremap()". ioremap() is the proper name, but I
didn't think straight when I wrote it originally. People who have to
-support both can do something like:
+support both can do something like::
/* support old naming silliness */
- #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < 0x020100
+ #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < 0x020100
#define ioremap vremap
#define iounmap vfree
#endif
don't do all that complex things (or rather: the complexity is not so
much in the actual IO accesses as in error handling and timeouts etc).
It's generally not hard to fix drivers, and in many cases the code
-actually looks better afterwards:
+actually looks better afterwards::
unsigned long signature = *(unsigned int *) 0xC0000;
vs
unsigned long signature = readl(0xC0000);
I think the second version actually is more readable, no?
-
- Linus
-
projects / GitHub / moto-9609 / android_kernel_motorola_exynos9610.git / commitdiff